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From Flashcardlet > PSYCH 280 Quiz #1 > Flashcards

PSYCH 280 Quiz #1 Flashcards

0
Q

Dualism

A

Organisms behave as they do because of spirit (should or mind) and matter (body)

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1
Q

What is the philosophical premise of neuroscience?

A

Behaviour and mind are organized and controlled by the brain

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2
Q

Monism

A
  • mind is identical with physical events in the brain

- mind is ‘emergent property’ of matter

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3
Q

What was ancient Egypt’s view of the brain mediating behaviour?

A

Viewed the heart as the centre of control and seat of the soul

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4
Q

What was ancient Greece’s perspective on the brain as a mediator of behaviour?

A
  • Aristotle believe mental capacities to be properties of the heart
  • Aristotle believed the brain was tile more than a cooling system for hot blood from the heart
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5
Q

What is the Humoural Theory of mind?

A

-developed by Galen
-noted the cerebral ventricle filled with fluids
Believed all functions and health depended on distribution of 4 body fluids (Choler, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile)
-believed that disease and illness are due to humour imbalance

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6
Q

Why use the Humoural model?

A
  • provides the tools to test models
  • provides metaphors
  • in Galen’s time, Roman aqueducts for distributing water and removing sewage served as a metaphor for the brain
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7
Q

How long did Galen’s anatomy and Humoural model go unchallenged for?

A

1300 years

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8
Q

What did Vesalius believe in 1550’s?

A
  • strict empiricist
  • ‘do not accept the things you cannot verify with your own eyes’
  • assumed animals have ventricles but not souls therefor conclude ventricles cannot be controlling the sound
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9
Q

Who was Descartes?

A
  • believed in the ‘Hydraulic’ model of the brain function
  • first mechanistic model
  • concept of the brain as a machine that could be understood by reverse engineering and experiments
  • believed the brain produce fluid ‘anima’ which was pumped through the veins to muscle where the pressure was controlled by pineal glands (NOT bilateral structure) THUS viewed as the seat of the soul
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10
Q

What 3 things make a good model?

A
  1. Consistent with known facts
  2. Parsimonious (as simple as possible)
  3. Heuristic (makes testable predictions and permits critical experiments)
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11
Q

What is neuroscience?

A

-is the scientific study of the nervous system

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12
Q

Biological psychology

A
  • Relates behaviour to bodily processes

- main goal is to understand the brain structures and functions that respond to experiences and generate behaviour

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13
Q

Phrenology

A
  • the belief that bumps on the skull reflected enlargements of Brian regions responsible for certain behaviours
  • completely inaccurate
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14
Q

Localization of function

A

Concept that different brain regions specialize in specific behaviours

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15
Q

Hebbian Synapse:

A
  • A type of plastic connection between neurons that remains a hot topic in neuroscience today
  • proposed by Donald O. Hebb
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16
Q

What does conserved in the context of evolution mean?

A
  • refers to a trait that is passed on from a common ancestor to two or more descendant species
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17
Q

Ontogeny

A

The process by which an individual changes in the course of its lifetime- that is grows up and grows old

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18
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

The ability of the. Nervous system to change in response to experience or the environment

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19
Q

Adult neurogensis

A
  • creation of new neurons in the brain of an adults
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20
Q

What are the 4 main theoretical perspectives?

A
  1. Biological
  2. Developmental
  3. Evolution
  4. Behvaioural
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21
Q

Somatic Intervention

A
  • an approach to finding relations between body variable and behavioural variables that involves manipulating body structure or function and looking for resultant changes in behaviour
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22
Q

Reductionism

A

The scientific strategy of breaking a system down into increasingly smaller parts in order to understand it

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23
Q

Levels of analysis

A
  • the scope of experimental approaches
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24
Q

What are the 3 general research perspectives?

A
  • correlation
  • somatic intervention
  • Behvaioural intervention
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25
Q

Glial cells

A
  • outnumber neurons 10:1
  • support neural activity
  • insulate axons and synapses
  • remove cellular debris
  • guid the migration of developing neurons
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26
Q

Synapse

A

The cellular location at which information is transmitted from a neuron to another cell

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27
Q

What are the 4 zones to a neuron?

A
  1. Input
  2. Integration
  3. conduction
  4. Output
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28
Q

Input zone

A

Part of a neuron that receives information from other neurons or from specialized sensory structures

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29
Q

Dendrite

A

-extension of cell body that receives information from other neurons

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30
Q

Integration zone

A

The part of the neuron that initiates neural electrical activity

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31
Q

Cell body

A

Region of neuron that is defined by the precedes of the cell nucleus

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32
Q

Conduction zone

A

Part of the neuron-typically the axon-over which the action potential is actively propagated

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33
Q

Axon

A

A single extensions from the nerve cell that carries action potentials from the cell body towards the axon terminal

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34
Q

Output zone

A

Part of the neuron at which the cell sends information to another cell

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35
Q

Motoneuron

A

Transmits neural messages to the muscles or glands

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36
Q

Sensory neuron

A

A nerve cell that is directly affected by the environment

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37
Q

Inter-neuron

A
  • Nerve cell that is neither a sensory neuron nor a motor neuron
  • receive input from and send output to other neurons
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38
Q

Multipolar neurons

A
  • most common type of neuron

- nerve cell that as a many dendrites and a single axon

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39
Q

Bipolar neurons

A

Nerve cell that has a single dendrite and a single axon

- common in sensory systems

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40
Q

Unipolar neuron

A

Nerve cell with a single branch that leaves the cell body and then extends in two directions
-one end is the input zone and the other is the output zone

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41
Q

Neurotransmitter

A
  • The chemical released from presynaptic axon terminals

- serves as the basis of communication between neurons

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42
Q

Oligodendrocyte

A

Type of glial cell that forms myelin in the CNS

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43
Q

Schwann cell

A

Type of glial cell that forms myelin in the CNS

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44
Q

Myelin

A
  • a fatty insulation around an axon
  • formed by glial cells
  • boosts the speed at which nerve impulses are conducted
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45
Q

Node of ranvier

A

A gap between successive segments of the myelin sheath where the axon membrane is exposed

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46
Q

Astrocyte

A

A star-shaped glial cell with numerous processes that run in all directions

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47
Q

Microglial cells

A

Extremely small motile glial cells that remove cellular debris from injured or dead cells

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48
Q

Edema

A

The swelling of tissue in response to an injury

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49
Q

Gross neuroanatomy

A

Anatomical features of the nervous system that are apparent to the naked eye

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50
Q

CNS

A
  • central nervous system

- brain and spinal cord

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51
Q

PNS

A
  • Peripheral nervous system

- contains all the nerves and neurons outside the brain and spinal cord

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52
Q

Somatic nervous system

A
  • supplies neural connections mostly to the skeletal muscles and sensory systems of the body
  • consists of cranial nerves and spinal nerves
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53
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A
  • provides the main neural connections to glands to smooth muscle of internal organs
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54
Q

Cranial nerve

A

A nerve that is connected directly to the brain

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55
Q

Cervical

A
  • Referring o the topmost 8 segments of the spinal cord

- in neck region

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56
Q

Thoracic

A

Referring to the 12 spinal segments below the vertical portion of the spinal cord, corresponding to the chest

57
Q

Lumbar

A

5 spinal segments that make up the upper part of the lower back

58
Q

Sacral

A

5 spinal segments that make up the lower part of the lower back

59
Q

Coccygeal

A
  • The lowest part of the spinal vertebra

- also known as a tailbone

60
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A
  • part of autonomic nervous system

- acts as the “fight or flight” response

61
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A
  • part of autonomic nervous system

- generally prepares body to relax and recuperate

62
Q

Corpus callosum

A
  • the main band of axon that connects the two cerebral hemispheres
63
Q

Post central gyrus

A
  • Strip of partial cortex

- receives somatosensory information from the entire body

64
Q

Pre central gyrus

A

Strip of frontal lobe cortex that is crucial for motor control

65
Q

Gray matter

A
  • areas of the brain that are dominated by cell bodies and are devoid of myelin
  • mostly receives and processes information
66
Q

White matter

A
  • mostly myelin sheath sheathed axons
  • lies underneath gray matter of the cortex
  • mostly transmits information
67
Q

Neural tube

A

A embryonic structure with subdivisions that correspond to the future forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain

68
Q

Telencephalon

A
  • The anterior part of the fetal forebrain

- will become the cerebral hemispheres in the adult brain

69
Q

Dienchephalon

A
  • posterior part of the fetal forebrain

- will become the thalamus and hypothalamus in the adult brain

70
Q

Tract

A

-A bundle of axons found within the central nervous system

71
Q

Pyramidal cell

A

A type of large nerve cell that has a roughly pyramid shaped cell body and is found in the cerebral cortex

72
Q

Cortical column

A

One of the vertical columns that constitute the basic organization of the cerebral cortex

73
Q

Basal ganglia

A
  • group of forebrain nuclei
  • found deep within cerebral hemispheres
  • involved in the regulation of motor activity
74
Q

Caudate Nucleus

A
  • one of the basal ganglia

- has a long extension or tail

75
Q

Limbic system

A

-loose grouping of telencephallic structures involved in the generation of emotional behaviour

76
Q

Amygdala

A
  • group of nuclei in the medial anterior part of the temporal lobe
77
Q

Hippocampus

A
  • a medial temporal lobe structure

- important for memory and learning

78
Q

Fornix

A

Fibre tract that extends from the hippocampus to the mammillary body

79
Q

Olfactory bulb

A
  • an anterior project of the brain that terminates in the upper nasal passages and through the small openings in the skull
  • provides receptors for smell
80
Q

Thalamus

A

-the brain regions that surround the third ventricles

81
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • part of the diecephalon

- lying ventral to the thalamus

82
Q

Tectum

A

-dorsal part of the midbrain consisting of the inferior and superior colliculi

83
Q

Superior colliculi

A
  • paired gray matter structures of the dorsal midbrain that process visual information
84
Q

Inferior colliculi

A

Paired gray matter structures of the dorsal midbrain that process auditory information

85
Q

Tegmentum

A
  • the main body of the midbrain

- containing the substantial Nigra, periaqueducts, gray part of the reticular formation and multiple fiber tracts

86
Q

Substantial Nigra

A

-brain stem structure that inner ages the basal ganglia and is a major source of dopaminergic problems

87
Q

Periaqueductal gray

A

A midbrain region involved in pain perception

88
Q

Reticular formation

A
  • An extensive region of the brain stem, extending from the medulla through the thalamus
  • involved in sleep and arousal
89
Q

Cerebellum

A

-a structure located at the back of the brain, dorsal to the pons, that is involved in the central regulation of movement, and in some forms of learning

90
Q

Pons

A
  • the portion of the brain stem that connects the midbrain to the medulla
91
Q

Medulla

A

Posterior part of the hindbrain, continuous with the spinal cord

92
Q

Meninges

A

-the 3 protective membranes-dura matter, pia matter, and arachnoid-that surround the brain and spinal cord

93
Q

Dora mater

A

-outer most of the three meninges that surround the brain and spinal cord

94
Q

Pia mater

A

-innermost of the three meninges that surround the brain and spinal cord

95
Q

Arachnoid

A

The thing covering of the brain that lies between the dura mater and pia mater

96
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A
  • CSF
  • contained within ventricles
  • acts as a cushion
  • buoyancy : because the brain is immersed in fluid its net weight is reduced THUS the pressure at the base of the brain is reduced
  • medium for transportation of hormones to other areas of the brain
97
Q

Meningitis

A
  • an acute inflammation of the meninges

- usually caused by viral or bacterial infection

98
Q

Meningioma

A

-a noninvasive tumour of the meninges

99
Q

Blood-brain barrier

A
  • mechanisms that make the movement of substances from blood vessels into brain cells more difficult than exchanges in other body organisms
  • thus affording the brain greater protection from exposure to some substances found in the blood
100
Q

Stroke

A

Damage to a region of the brain tissue that results from the blockage or rupture of vessels that supply to that region

101
Q

Transient ischemic attack

A
  • ITA
  • is a temporary blood restriction to part of the brain that causes stroke like symptoms that quickly resolve
  • serving as a warning of elevated stroke risk
102
Q

What are the basic building blocks of proteins?

A

Amino acids

103
Q

What are 3 types of proteins cells make?

A
  • cytosolic (enzymes, cytoskeleton)
  • mitochondrial
  • membrane and secretary products
104
Q

What is the “special” function of neurons and how is it achieved?

A
  • information processing
  • achieved by integrating ionic currents
  • function is dependent on properties of the cell membrane
105
Q

What does the lipid bylayer consist of

A
  • 2 long chain fatty acid
  • 1 phosphate
  • 1 glycerol backbone
106
Q

How does the transmission of information occur

A
  1. Ion channels: regulates flow
  2. Receptors
  3. ion pumps
  4. Transporters
107
Q

What is the 4 structural zones specialized for information processing ?

A
  1. Input: occurring in the dendrite
  2. Integrative: occurring in the axon hillock
  3. Conductive: occurring in the axon
  4. Output: occurring in the axon terminals
108
Q

Cell membrane

A

Seperates cell contents from the environment

109
Q

Vesicle

A

-moves protein, lipid, and carbohydrates

110
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Supports structure and helps move synthesized proteins

111
Q

Cytoplasm

A

-where all chemicals take place

112
Q

Golgi body

A

Protein or lipid enters the cytoplasm

113
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Synthesis, packages, and releases concentrate proteins or lipids

114
Q

Chloroplast

A

Creates glucose

115
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Create proteins

116
Q

Ribosomes

A

Create proteins

117
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Transport and storage

118
Q

Mitochondria

A

Produces energy through cellular respiration

119
Q

If axons branch what does that indicate about a neuron?

A
  • it has multiple outputs
120
Q

What is a non-directed synapses?

A

-neurotransmitter can be released but no other dendrite is close to the region where it is being release

121
Q

Bouton:

A
  • swelling where neurotransmitters are released
122
Q

How are neurons classified?

A

Through morphology and function

123
Q

Morphology describes a neuron how?

A
  • size, either magnocellular (large) or parvocellular (small)
  • shape, unipolar, bipolar, and multipolar
124
Q

What are 4 functions a neuron carries out?

A
  • sensory, input of information and usually magnocellular
  • motor, output of information and usually magnocellular
  • interneurons, local circuit cells and usually parvocellular
  • secretary products (type of neurotransmitters or peptides) used for communicating with other cells
125
Q

Microglia

A
  • activated microglial cells surround and break down and debris that forms-especially after damage to the brain
126
Q

Astrocytes:

A
  • star-shaped astrocytes detect neural activity
  • regulate adjacent capillaries to control blood flow
  • supplying neurons with more energy when they are active
127
Q

What is the CNS protected by?

A

Bone

128
Q

What is the PNS protected by?

A
  • Schwann cell

- forms myelin sheath around axons in the PNS

129
Q

What is a nuclei/nucleus?

A

Clusters of neurons in the CNS

130
Q

Nerves:

A

Cluster of axons in the PNS

131
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31

132
Q

How can you describe the location of an object in a three dimensional space?

A

You need 3 coordinates silly

133
Q

What are the three types of anatomical planes?

A
  1. Sagittal plane
  2. Horizontal plane
  3. Coronal plane
134
Q

Sagittal plane

A
  • divides the body into left and right proportions
135
Q

Horizontal plane

A

-divides the body into dorsal and ventral portions

136
Q

Coronal plane

A

-divides the body into anterior and posterior proportions

137
Q

Metencephalon

A
  • pons and cerebellum
  • pons are involved in arousal
  • cerebellum is involved in fine motor control
138
Q

Myelencephalon

A
  • medulla

- is involved in vital body functions

139
Q

Buoyancy

A

Tendency to float

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