psych 466 test 2.1 Flashcards
(28 cards)
aversion therapy
a form of behavior therapy that attempts to reduce the attractiveness of a desired event by associating with an aversive stimulus.
compensatory-response model
a model of conditioning in which a CS that has been repeatedly associated with the primary response (a-process) to a US will eventually come to elicit a compensatory response (b-process)
counterconditioning
the procedure whereby a CS that elicits one type of response is associated with an event that elicits an incompatible response
flooding therapy
a behavioral treatment for phobias that involves prolonged exposure to a feared stimulus, thereby providing maximal opportunity for the conditioned fear response to be extinguished
incubation
the strengthening of a conditioned fear response as a result of brief exposures to the aversive CS
overexpectation effect
the decrease in the conditioned response that occurs when two separately conditioned CSs are combined into a compound stimulus for further pairings with the US
preparatory response theory
a theory of classical conditioning that propses that the purpose of the CR is to prepare the organism for the presentation of the US
preparedness
an evolved predisposition to learn certain kinds of associations more easily than others
reciprocal inhibition
the process whereby certain responses are incompatible with each other, and the occurrence of one response necessarily inhibits the other; an underlying process of counter conditioning in which the positive emotional response elicited by food inhibited wolpe’s cats anxiety because the two responses countered each other
rescorla wagner theory
a theory of classical conditioning that proposes that a given US can support only so much conditioning and that this amount of conditioning must be distributed among the various CSs available; furthermore, this theory attempts to explain the effect of each conditioning trial on the strength (associative value) of the CS in its relationship to the US
selective sensitization
an increase in ones reactivity to a potentially fearful stimulus following exposure to an unrelated stressful event
S-R (stimulus response) model
a model of classical conditioning that assumes that the NS becomes directly associated with the US and therefore comes to elicit a response that is related that US
stimulus substitution theory
a theory of classical conditioning that proposes that the CS acts as a substitute for the US
systematic desensitization
a behavioral treatment for phobias that involves pairing relation with a succession of stimuli that elicit increasing levels of fear
temperament
an individual’s base level of emotionality and reactivity to stimulation that (to a large extent) is generally determined
example of S-R theory
when bitten by a dog a child directly associates the dog with the pain and fear that were elicited by the bite and therefore experiences fear when he or she next encounters the dog
example of S-S theory
the child who has been bitten by the dog associates the dog with the bite and because of that association the child comes to fear the dog
example of stimulus substitution theory
pairing a tone with the food results in the tone becoming a substitute for the food, eliciting salivation just as the food does
example of preparatory-response theory
a dog salivating to a tone to get ready for the food or a rat freezing in place as a response to a light followed by a shock
example of compensatory response theory
repeatedly injecting heroin does not simply elicit a response but instead sets in motion a chain of events. the heroin directly elicits an immediate decrease in blood pressure (a process) that in turn elicits a compensatory increase in blood pressure (b process); think opponent process theory and homeostasis
example of rescorla wagner theory
the use of a highly preferred food as the US produces a stronger conditioned response of salivation than does a less preferred food
example of overexpectation effect
when a tone and light were subjected to further compound pairings with food the associative value of each decreased (elicited salivation amount)
example of selective sensitization
people with agoraphobia often report that initial onset of the disorder occurred during a period which they were emotionally upset or suffered from some type of physical illness; therefore, during turbulent times in ones life minor fears and anxieties may become exacerbated into major fears and anxieties
example of systematic desensitization
gradually pairing the subject with positive stimuli that similar but different associations with the negative stimulus until the aversive response is absent
