PSYCH B 💃🏻💃🏻

Question 1

Explore the 4 issues that guide development research

Answer 1

Nature vs nurture (what extent is development hereditary or environment)
Sensitive vs critical (sensitive and critical stages of development)
Continuity vs discontinuity (continual gradual development vs discontinuous distinct stages ie caterpillar emerging as butterfly)
Stability vs change ( how consistent are characteristics as we age, does inhibition fade etc)

Question 2

Explain the different designs used to conduct developmental research

Answer 2

Cross-sectional design - compare different people of different ages at the same point in time

Longitudinal design - repeatedly test cohort as it ages

Sequential design - combines cross sectional and longitudinal

Question 3

What is the effect of different teratogens in prenatal development?

Answer 3

Teratogens are external agents that cause abnormal prenatal development. Can cause defects such as blindness, deafness, heart defects and mental retardation

Question 4

Explain how Piaget emphasised stages of development

Answer 4

Piaget’s proposed that we acquire new schemes and elaborate existing schemes

Existing schemas - assimilation
New schemas - accomodation

Question 5

What is assimilation?

Answer 5

Applying an existing schema to a new experience I.e baby calling a possum a kitty because it looks like a cat

Question 6

What is accomodation?

Answer 6

New experiences cause existing schemas to change I.e child will eventually learn that the possum has behaviour that difffers from a kitty

Question 7

What is a schema?

Answer 7

Organised patterns of thought and action

It guides out interaction with the world

Question 8

Piaget’s stages of development are: SPCF

Answer 8

Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete operational
Formal operational

Question 9

What is the sensorimotor stage?

Answer 9

Birth - 2

Infant understands world through sensory and motor experiences

Achieves object permanence

Begins to think symbolically

Question 10

What is preoperational stage?

Answer 10

2-7

Symbolic thinking

Child uses symbolic thinking to represent objects and experiences

Engage in pretend play

Thinking displays egocentrism

Question 11

What is concrete operational?

Answer 11

7-12

Think logically about concrete events

Question 12

What is formal operational?

Answer 12

12 plus

Can think logically, abstractly and flexibly

Question 13

Describe Erickson’s 8 stages of identity

Answer 13

Infancy - basic trust vs mistrust

Toddler - autonomy vs shame/doubt

Early childhood - initiative vs guilt

Middle childhood - industry vs inferiority

Adolescence - identity vs role
Confusion

Early adulthood - intimacy vs isolation

Middle adulthood - generativity vs stagnation

Late adulthood - integrity vs despair

Question 14

What are the 3 phases of primary attachment proposed by John bowlby?

Answer 14

Indiscriminate attachment - infant cries toward everyone evoking caregiving from adults (new born)

Discriminate attachment - infants direct attachment toward familiar caregivers (3 months)

Specific attachment - infants develop meaningful attachment (7-8month)

Question 15

What is the impact of attachment deprivation?

Answer 15

Can produce long term social impairment

Question 16

What are authoritative parents?

Answer 16

Controlling but warm

Children have higher self esteem and high achievers

Question 17

What are authoritarian parents?

Answer 17

Exert control with a cold, unresponsive or rejecting relationship

Children tend to have low self esteem, less popular, perform poorly in school

Question 18

What are indulgent parents?

Answer 18

Warm caring relationships with children but provide no guidance and discipline

Children tend to be more immature and self-centred

Question 19

What are neglectful parents like?

Answer 19

Provide neither warmth nor guidance

Children are I securely attached and have low achievement and motivation

Question 20

How does moral thinking develop?

Answer 20

Through reinforcement and punishment skinner proposed

Question 21

Define personality

Answer 21

Distinctive and enduring way of thinking, feeling and acting that characterise a persons responses to life situations

Question 22

What are the three characteristics of behaviour that reflect an individuals personality?

Answer 22

Behavioural component of identity ( that which distinguishes people from one another)

Internal rather than environmental - behaviours are internal factors rather than environmental

Behaviours have organisation and structure

Question 23

What to psychodynamic theorists look for?

Answer 23

A dynamic interplay of inner forces that often conflict with one another

Question 24

Major psychodynamic theorists are:

Answer 24

Freud
Jung
Alfred adler 
Karen horney
Erik erikson
Melanie Klein
Otto kernburg
Margaret Mahler 
Heinz kohut

Question 25

Weaknesses of psychodynamic approaches to personality

Answer 25

Ambiguous and Not easily measured Specific propositions have not held up under research Long process Expensive Time consuming

Question 26

Describe how phenomenological-humanistic approaches emphasise integrated personal experiences

Answer 26

Focus on the present instead of the past They believed that our behaviour is in response to our immediate conscious experience of self and environment

Question 27

Phenomenological-humanist theorists:

Answer 27

Carl Rogers | George Kelly

Question 28

George Kelly theory:

Answer 28

Personal construct theory To make sense of the world and create personal constructs, cognitive categories into which the individual sort the people and their events in their lives. When they are unable to make sense of their world this results in anxiety Developed fixed-role therapy - shy client play the role of a confident person

Question 29

Carl Rogers central concept:

Answer 29

The self An organised consistent set of perceptions of and beliefs about ones self that once formed can guide our perceptions and direct our behaviour

Question 30

What is Carl Rogers concept of the need for positive regard

Answer 30

People need positive regard from others and from themselves Positive regard is sympathy, acceptance and love

Question 31

Strengths and weaknesses of phenomenological-humanistic approaches

Answer 31

Humanistic view relies too heavily on the individuals reports of their personal experience Therapy may help the client become more self-accepting and more realistic

Question 32

How do trait approaches describe behavioural dispositions?

Answer 32

They are stable emotional, cognitive and behavioural characteristics of people that help establish their individual identities and distinguish them from others

Question 33

What is factor analysis?

Answer 33

It is used to identity clusters of behaviour that are highly correlated with one another. Behaviour clusters can be viewed as reflecting a basic trait

Question 34

Trait theorists

Answer 34

Raymond b cattell

Question 35

What personality test did cattell develop?

Answer 35

16 personality factor questionnaire.

Question 36

Strengths and weaknesses of trait theorist

Answer 36

Over simplify the complexity of personality Positive: They have made an important contribution. He focusing attention on the value of identifying classifying and measuring stable personality dispositions

Question 37

How do biological theories emphasise genetic and neural processes?

Answer 37

They demonstrate that there is neural bases that involve specific brain structures which are related to extraversion and stability

Question 38

Major theorist associated with biological theories

Answer 38

Eysenck

Question 39

What is temperament?

Answer 39

Refers to individual differences in emotional and behavioural styles that appear so early in like that they are assumed to have a biological basis Temperamental factors are building blocks that influence the development of personality