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Pathophysiology > Psych brain > Flashcards

Psych brain Flashcards

1
Q

Glia function

A
  • Support
  • Supply neurons with nutrients and O2
  • Insulte neurons from each other
  • Protect neurons from pathogens and clean out dead ones
  • Modulate/regulate neural activity
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2
Q

How many glia?

A

100 billion

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3
Q

Glia in CNS

A

Ependymal cells
Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes
Microglia

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4
Q

Glia in PNS

A

Satellite cells
Schwann cells

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5
Q

Astrocytes (CNS) and Satellite Cells (PNS)

A

Structural support
Brain blood barrier
Provides nutrients
Reuptake of neurotransmitters
Regulation of ion concentration

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6
Q

Oligodendrocytes (CNS) and Schwann Cells (PNS)

A

Myelin

O: One cell wraps multiple axons

S: Single schwann cell wraps one section of a single axon

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7
Q

Ependymal cells (CNS)

A

produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid

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8
Q

Microglia (CNS)

A

Macrophages (immune cell) that clean up dead cells and debris

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9
Q

Body centric: Dorsal

A

Back

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10
Q

Body centric: Ventral

A

Belly

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11
Q

Body centric: Rostral

A

Up

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12
Q

Body centric: Caudal

A

Down

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13
Q

Brain: Dorsal

A

UP

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14
Q

Brain: Ventral

A

Down

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15
Q

Brain: rostral

A

Front

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16
Q

Brain: Caudal

A

Back of head

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17
Q

Superior

A

Above

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18
Q

Inferior

A

Below

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19
Q

Anterior

A

Front

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20
Q

Posterior

A

Back

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21
Q

Ipsilateral

A

Same side

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22
Q

Contralateral

A

Opposite sides

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23
Q

Unilateral

A

One side

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24
Q

Bilateral

A

Both sides

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25
Q

Plane

A

Horizontal, axial, transverse

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26
Q

Plane

A

Sagittal

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27
Q

Plane

A

Frontal, coronal

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28
Q

2 divisons of PNS

A

Somatic
Autonomic

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29
Q

2 divisions of Somatic

A

Sensory (afferent)
Motor (efferent)

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30
Q

Function of somatic division

A

Voluntary control of action
Somatosensory
Motor

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31
Q

Location of cell body for somatosensory neurons

A

In PNS –> forms dorsal root ganglion

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32
Q

Location of cell body for motor neurons

A

In CNS
Axons in PNS

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33
Q

Lateral

A

Out to the side

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34
Q

Proximal

A

Close to core

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35
Q

Distal

A

Away from core

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36
Q

Autonomic Nervous system function

A

Controls internal involuntary function
- glands, heart, gut

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37
Q

2 divisions of autonomic nervous system

A

Sympathetic
Parasympathetic

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38
Q

Autonomic motor neurons function and location of cell body

A

In ganglion
Send signals from brain to smooth muscle cell, gland cell, cardiac muscle

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39
Q

What does the sympathetic and parasympathetic share and what do they not share

A

Share sensory receptors

Have their own Motor neurons

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40
Q

Cell body location for sensory receptor cells in autonomic

A

in dorsal root ganglion

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41
Q

General visceral afferent fibres

A

Sensory cells in ANS

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42
Q

How does the sympathetic and parasympathetic system operate to achieve homeostasis

A

antagonistically

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43
Q

Sympathetic functions

A

“Fight or flight”
Increases blood flow to skeletal muscles
Increases heart rate
Inhibits digestion
Dilated pupils for far vision

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44
Q

Parasympathetic functions

A

“Rest and digest”,
Increases blood flow to gut
Facilitates digestion
Constricts pupils for near vision

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45
Q

What structures protect the brain

A

Meninges
CSF
Ventrciles

46
Q

3 layers of the meninges

A

Dura mater: thick tough membrane outer

Arachnoid mater: webbing area under membrane
Thin fibrous membrane with trabeculae extending through the subarachnoid space to the pia mater

Pia mater: Delicate membrane that follows the cortical surface

47
Q

Subarachnoid space function

A

Filled with CSF
Blood vessels are here

48
Q

Ventricle types, location, purspose

A

Deep inside brain and connected

CSF goes through them

4 ventricles:
Left and Right lateral ventricles are the biggest ones
Third ventricle is the center part
4th ventricle is in brain stem

49
Q

Central canal

A

runs into the spinal cord from the 4th ventricle

50
Q

Choroid plexus

A

in ventricles, makes CSF

51
Q

Function of CSF

A

Buoyancy and protection
keeping ions balanced
Clearing of waste

52
Q

4 areas of the spinal cord and where does it start

A

Cervical (head, neck, arms)
Thoracic (upper trunk)
Lumbar (lower torso and legs)
Sacral (lower torso and legs)

base of brain stem

53
Q

features of spinal cord section

A

dorsal/ventral organization

On each side of each vertebrae, there are 2 nerves going into the spinal cord\d

54
Q

location of cell bodies and axons in spinal cord

A

Axons (white matter) are around the perimeter and cell bodies (grey matter) are in the center

55
Q

where does sensory info come in the spinal cord through

A

dorsal root –> ascending

56
Q

Where does motor signals leave the spinal cord through

A

ventral root (descending)

57
Q

5 major developmental areas of the brain

A

Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon

58
Q

3 initial areas of the brain

A

Forebrain, hindbrain, midbrain

59
Q

Location of developmental areas within original areas

A

Fore brain: Telencephalon, Diencephalon

Midbrain: Mesencephalon

Hindbrain: Metencephalon
Myelencephalon

60
Q

Stuctures in telencephalon

A

Cerebral Cortex
Hippocampus
Basal Ganglia

61
Q

Structures in Diencephalon

A

Hypothalamus
Thalamus

62
Q

Structures in mesencephalon

A

Midbrain: Superior Colliculus
Inferior Colliculus
Motor nuclei

63
Q

Structures in Metencephalon

A

Pons, cerebellum

64
Q

Structures in myelencephalon

A

medulla

65
Q

3 parts of brain stem

A

Medulla, pons, midbrain (superior colliculus, inferior colliculus, motor nuclei)

66
Q

Function of brain stem

A

core body functions

67
Q

Medulla function

A

Breathing, heart rate, blood pressure

68
Q

Pons function

A

Balance, taste, swallowing

69
Q

Inferior colliculi

A

Hearing

70
Q

Superior colliculi

A

Vision and eye movements

71
Q

Substantia nigra location and function

A

in midbrain, dopamine, reward learning, addiction

72
Q

Subcortical structures

A

Hippocampus
Basal ganglia
Hypothalamus
Thalamus
Cerebellum
Amygdala

73
Q

Hypothalamus location of function

A

To the front and under thalamus

Homeostasis: hormones, body temp, hunger thirst, sleep

74
Q

Thalamus location and function

A

on top of brain stem

Sensory motor relay center

Info passes through here

75
Q

Lateral geniculate nucleus location and function

A

visual relay in thalamus

76
Q

Medial geniculate nucleus location and function

A

auditory relay in thalamus

77
Q

Cerebellum function

A

Coordinated movements, posture, equilibrium, motor control

78
Q

Basal ganglia function

A

motor control/voluntary movement

79
Q

Striatum

A

Name for putamen and caudate in basal ganglia

80
Q

Function of putamen and location

A

surrounding of inside circle of basal ganglia

motor skills and reinforcement learning

81
Q

Function of caudate and location

A

Thin tail part of basal ganglia

voluntary movement and goal directed action

82
Q

Globus pallidus:

A

inside circle of basal ganglia
voluntary movement

83
Q

Nucleus accumbens

A

aversion, motivation reward, pleasure

little circle at bottom

84
Q

Amygdala function and location

A

Emotional processing including fear, episodic long-term memories

looks different depending on view

In front and on top of hippocampus

85
Q

Hippocampus

A

Episodic long-term memory spatial navigation

Using memories to determine where you are in the world

86
Q

Lobes of cortex

A

Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal

87
Q

What are Sulci and fissures and what are their differences

A

Folds and cleft in cortex

Sulci –> smaller
Fissures –> deeper

88
Q

What are the arrows pointing to and what does that part separate

A

Central sulcus at the top –> separates frontal from parietal
Longitudinal fissure in the middle –> separates the hemispheres

89
Q

What are the arrows pointing to and what does that part separate

A

Front one: cingulate sulcus –> serrated cingulate region from surface parts of the cortex

Back: calcarine sulcus –> in occipital lobe

90
Q

What are the arrows pointing to and what does that part separate

A

Central sulcus
Lateral (Sylvian) fissure –> separates frontal from temporal

91
Q

What are gyri

A

ridges in the cortex

92
Q

What are the arrows pointing to and what does that part separate

A

Cingulate gyrus: part under cingulate sulcus –> in executive control
Cuneus: primary visual cortex here

93
Q

What are the arrows pointing to and what is it

A

Precentral gyrus and postcentral gyrus separates by central sulcus

Precentral: motor cortex

Post central: sensory cortex

94
Q

What are commissures and what are they composed of

A

Commissures → fiber tract connections between hemispheres

white matter axons

95
Q

Parts of commissures

A

Corpus callosum: biggest one
Fornix: lower part
Anterior commissure: used as a reference point (small part)

96
Q

What is the cortical surface made out of?
and what is the inner area made out of?

A

Grey matter on outer –> cell bodies

White on inner –> axons

97
Q

Cytoarchitecture: meaning

A

Structure of cortical surface

98
Q

Thickness of grey matter

A

2-3mm

99
Q

Number of layers in the grey matter

A

6

100
Q

Function of layer 4

A

primary receiving
Thicker in sensory cortex

101
Q

function of layers 2,3,5,6

A

sending layers
Thicker in motor cortex

102
Q

How are Brodmanns Areas classified and how many are there
And how are they different

A

52 areas
Classified regions based on cytoarchitecture (thickness of cell layers

functional differences

103
Q

Circle of willis function and what it would be if there was a blockage

A

provides redundancy

If the supply was blocked at one side → the brain can still be supplied with blood

104
Q

What is connectomics

A

Techniques to study how the brain is wired together

105
Q

Connectome definition

A

The wiring of the brain

106
Q

Diffusion Tensor/spectrum imaging function

A

Uses MRI to measure the strength and direction of diffusion of water molecules in the brain

In neurons, diffusion of tends to occur along the lengths of axons/dendrites

107
Q

Tractography function

A

Uses DTI/DTS data to trace out tracts of the brain areas by where the water diffuses

108
Q

Tractography

A

Traces neural pathways

109
Q

Network graph

A

Shows what is connected to what

110
Q

Connectivity

A

How many areas are connected to that area

Pathophysiology (17 decks)

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