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Pathophysiology > Psych neurons > Flashcards

Psych neurons Flashcards

1
Q

What is the neuron doctrine and who came up with it

A

The nervous system consists of discrete individual cells

Santiago Ramon y Cajal (1888)

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2
Q

who came up with the term neuron

A

Heinrich Wilhelm Waldeyer

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3
Q

function of neuron

A

information processing and transmission

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4
Q

How many dendrites/axons can there be

A

lots of dendrites, 1 axon

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5
Q

Where does integration take place

A

axon hillock

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6
Q

where does the input come in

A

dendrites

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7
Q

where does the output leave from

A

Synapse, terminal bouton

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8
Q

3 types of synapses

A

Axosomatic synapses
Axodendritic synapses:
Axo-axonic synapses:

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9
Q

What is the difference in charge useful for

A

stored energy

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10
Q

What is the charge distribution at rest

A

more negative inside and more positive outside

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11
Q

What is the resting potential and what does it mean

A

-70 mV
means that the inside of the neuron is 70 mV less than the outside.

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12
Q

high electrical potential meaning

A

where a positive charge would have the highest possible potential energy

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13
Q

What do ion channels transport and what are their characteristsics

A

Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl-
Can be gated
Passive

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14
Q

What do ion pumps transport and what are their characteristsics

A

Na+/K+, Ca2+
Active –> requires energy

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15
Q

Are there more non-gated potassium or sodium channels

A

more potassium

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16
Q

Electrochemical and concentration gradient for potassium

A

Concentration gradient going out of the cell
Electrical gradient going into the cell

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17
Q

Electrochemical and concentration gradient for sodium

A

Concentration gradient goes into the cell
Electrical gradient going into the cell

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18
Q

Where is the electrical potential the highest

A

Outside the cell –> more positive

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19
Q

How are sodium and potassium distributed across the membrane

A

More sodium outside and more potassium inside

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20
Q

What does the Nernst equation let us calculate.

and what does it take into account vs not

A

Lets us calculate the difference in electrical potential across a membrane for a single type of ion

doesn’t take into account other ions

takes into account: charge, temperate, gas constant

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21
Q

What is the main driving force of the resting membrane potential

A

Potassium

equilibrium potential for just potassium is about -70 mV

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22
Q

How many ions does the sodium potassium pump move

A

For 1 molecule of ATP:
2 K+ in
3 Na+ out

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23
Q

4 neurosignalling steps (loop)

A

Initiation of axon potential (axon hillock)
Propagation of action potential (axon)
synaptic transmission (synapse)
Synaptic integration (axon hillock)

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24
Q

When does hyper polarization occur

A

when cell receives IPSPs –> pushes potentials lower

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25
Q

what are IPSPs and EPSPs

A

Inhibitory Postsynaptic potentials –> more negative charge
Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials –> more positive charge

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26
Q

when does depolarization occur

A

when the cell receives EPSPs –> pushes potential up

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27
Q

Threshold potential

A

-55mV

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28
Q

characteristics of an AP

A

Rapid depolarization and repolarization
All or none → same way every time

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29
Q

What is constant in AP

A

Constant time course (1ms)
Constant amplitude (100 mV) above resting

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30
Q

How long is the refractory period

A

~5 ms

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31
Q

Voltage gated ion channels characteristics for Na and K

A

Passive transport
Sodium channels have activation and inactivation gate

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32
Q

Action potential events

A
  1. At threshold, voltage-gated Na+ channels open, and positive Na+ ions flow into the cell
  2. As depolarization continues, even more voltage gated Na+ channels open, increasing depolarization
  3. Voltage-gated K+ channels open, and K+ ions flow out of the cell
  4. Voltage-gated Na+ channels close, while voltage-gated K+ channels are still open → leading to hyperpolarization –> absolute refractory period
  5. Voltage-gated K+ channels close when the membrane is hyperpolarized (below resting potential), and the membrane potential returns to a steady state at the resting potential –> relative refractory period
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33
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

During hyperpolarization, another action potential cannot be generated

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34
Q

Relative refractory period

A

Occurs when membrane is returning to resting
During the relative refractory period an action potential could fire but it would need stronger input

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35
Q

Hodgkin-Huxley model:

A

Mathematical model of action potentials → described in terms of an electrical circuit

36
Q

Electronic conduction characteristics

A

Passive
Relatively fast
Travel short distances
Exponentially attenuating –> weakens quickly

37
Q

Propagation of an AP characteristics (Self-regenerating propagation)

A

Each AP in a certain location causes an AP in the adjacent side

Active
Relatively slow
Self-regenerating
Travel long distances

In only one direction

38
Q

Saltatory conduction characteristics

A

Relatively fast
Self-regenerating
Travel long distance
Active process
Conserves energy

39
Q

How saltatory conduction works

A

It combines electrotonic conduction and AP

There is electronic conduction and it dissipates (but has enough signal to still fire an AP) then is boosted by the firing of an AP so it can travel to the next node.

Myelin speeds up the electrotonic conduction so it can reach the next gap and trigger another AP

The electrotonic conduction triggers the opening of voltage gated ion channels in the gaps –> an action potential is fired

40
Q

In saltatory conduction, where do the APs occur and where does the electrotonic conduction occur

A

AP: in gaps –> Nodes of Ranvier
electrotonic: in myelin sections

41
Q

Speed of propagation of an AP and what it depends on

A

As fast as more than 120 m/s and as slow as 1 m/s

Depends on:
axon diameter –> fatter is faster
Temperature
myelination

42
Q

What does the neural coding consist of for an AP

A

pattern of firing
Rate → how frequently they fire
Duration → for how long thy fire
Timing → firing together or out of phase

43
Q

What is synaptic transmission

A

passing signal from the presynaptic terminal to the post synaptic terminal

44
Q

Synaptic transmission steps

A
  1. Transmitter is synthesized then stored in vesicles
  2. An AP invades the presynaptic terminal
  3. Depolarization causes opening of voltage gated Ca2 + channels
  4. Ca2+ enters through channels
  5. Ca2+ causes vesicles to fuse with presynaptic membrane
  6. Transmitter is released into synaptic cleft via exocytosis
  7. Neurotransmitter binds to receptor molecules in postsynaptic membrane → causes ion channels to open or close → usually Na+ channels in postsynaptic cell
  8. Postsynaptic channels open or close → causes changes in postsynaptic potenital
  9. Postsynaptic current causes excitatory or inhibitory postsynaptic potential that changes the excitability of the postsynaptic cell
  10. Vesicular membrane is received from the plasma membrane → forms another vesicle
45
Q

What kind of channels are usually on the post synaptic cell

A

sodium

46
Q

What ion causes the vesicles to fuse with the membrane

A

Ca2+

47
Q

What do postsynaptic potentials depend on

A

Neurotransmitters (from the presynaptic cell)

Receptors (on the postsynaptic membrane)

48
Q

What can postsynaptic potentials be (or how can they differ from each other?

A

Can be Excitatory (EPSP) or inhibitory (IPSP)

Can be Fast ( 1ms to 10 ms) or slow (100 ms to minutes

49
Q

Reasons why we have IPSPs

A
  • Prevent runaway firing of APs
  • control the energy consumption of the brain
  • Contribute to important oscillatory patterns of neural activity

Provide the basis for “negation” or NOT, → not doing something is important to human functioning

50
Q

How many neurotransmitters have been discovered and what can they be

A

over 100

ions to single amino acids to complex proteins

51
Q

2 major CNS neurotransmitters

A

Glutamate –> primary excitatory
GABA –> primary inhibitory

52
Q

Other important neurotransmitters

A

Acetylcholine
Serotonin
Dopamine
Norepinepherine
Histamine

53
Q

Amino acids neurotransmitters

A

glutamate and GABA

54
Q

Monoamines neurotransmitters

A

Dopamine, norepinephrine, histamine, serotonin

55
Q

Peptides neurotransmitters

A

oxytocin, endorphin

56
Q

gas neurotransmitters

A

CO2

57
Q

Other neurotransmitters (exotic)

A

acetylcholine

58
Q

Characteristics of neurotransmitters

A

Made and stored in the presynaptic neuron

59
Q

Types of reuptake

A

Active reuptake: Neurotransmitter goes back into presynaptic neuron

Enzymatic breakdown

Diffusion: molecules diffuse to an area of lower concentration

Glia help with reuptake

60
Q

Types of receptors and where they are found

A

Metabotropic or ionotropic

found on dendrites of postsynaptic cell

61
Q

Ionotropic receptor facts and example

A

Ligand gated ion channels

Fast

Nicotinic ACh (acetylcholine) receptor channel

start in 1-2 ms and last 10s of milliseconds

62
Q

Metabotropic receptors

A

Long chain of events (Second messenger cascade) leads to opening of channel

Slow

G-protein-coupled receptor

start in 100s of miliseconds and last seconds

63
Q

Electrical transmission (gap junction) characteristics and where they are mostly found

A

Fast

Direct electrical and chemical conduction (no neurotransmitters)

Low plasticity –> not specific

No amplifcation –> can’t get inhibition

Mostly in PNS

64
Q

How does a PSP travel from the synapse to the axon hillock

A

electrotonic conduction

65
Q

Strength of PSP at trigger zone depends on

A

Strength of PSP at the synapse
Distance from the synapse
Time since the AP
Time Course of PSP at the synapse (when it gets there)

66
Q

Spatial summation

A

PSPs from different synapses (i.e different locations in space)

67
Q

Temporal Summation

A

: PSPs from the same synapse (ie. different points in time)

68
Q

Integrate and fire model using computation characteristics

A

At each point in time, the neuron sums all of its inputs, and fires or not

The inputs are graded (vary along a continuum/ can vary)

The output is all or none

69
Q

Are inputs to the AP graded

A

yes

70
Q

3 logical operations

A

AND, OR, NOT

71
Q

What can we compute with the 3 logical operations

A

Everything that is computable

72
Q

Church-Turing thesis:

A

effectively calculable function if a computable function

Anything that you can compute can be done using AND OR NOT

Helps us understand neurons

73
Q

Computational universality:

A

All Turing complete systems are computationally equivalent in what they can compute → all systems will compute in the same way → even if they look every different (neurons vs silicon)

Helps us study brains using computers

74
Q

Alan turing work

A

Universal Turing machine (computation)
Broke enigma code
Turing test (test is AI is intelligent

75
Q

Does the leg reflex circuit go to the brain

A

NOPE only goes to spinal cord

76
Q

Reflex circuit steps

A

When the leg gets hit with a hammer, the axon from sensory (afferent) neuron brings excitatory signal to spinal cord through the dorsal root

The excitatory signal is passed on to a motor (efferent neuron) and the axon leaves through the ventral root (excitatory signal) → this causes the extensor muscle (on top of leg) to contract

The signal from the sensory neuron causes an inhibitory interneuron in the spinal cord to fire which causes the motor neuron that is going to the flexor muscle (under the leg) not to fire → muscle relaxes

77
Q

Artificial neural networks usefulness

A

understanding the mind and brain –> stimulation and prediction

Artificial intelligence –> to control robot

78
Q

How does GFP work

A

The isolated gene for GFP is inserted into DNA (of another organism) near the gene for a target protein
When the target protein is expressed, so is GFP → glows green

79
Q

What colours can a brainbow trans gene express

A

Red, cyan, yellow

80
Q

how does the expression of rainbow trans genes occur when you have 1 trans gene

A

3 fluorescents are interested and only the first one is expressed
Some of the cell offsprings lose the red → only express blue
Some of the cell offspring lose the blue → only express green

only expresses back one

Lose them through replication

81
Q

What happens if you have mutliple trans genes

A

more colours!! due to the loss during replication

82
Q

Do you control which neuron is which color during brainbow

A

no

83
Q

Example of receptor on postsynaptic cell and what flows through it

A

ACh receptor and Na+ goes through

84
Q

Speed of ionotropic receptor

A

start in one or two milliseconds, last tens of milliseconds

85
Q

Speed of metabotropic receptor

A

Metabotropic: start in hundreds of millisecond, last seconds

Pathophysiology (17 decks)

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