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psych chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

sickle-cell anemia

A

a genetic condition in which red blood cells, which are normally round take on a crescent-like shape

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2
Q

Luwi and Sena

A

Sisters, Luwi carries the sickle-cell gene and Sena does not. Carriers have one copy of the gene, but don’t have full blown sickle-cell anemia. One copy of the gene immune to malaria, two copies of the gene not immune.

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3
Q

theory of natural selection

A

organisms that are better suited for their environment will survive and reproduce, while those that are poorly suited for their enviornment will die off

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4
Q

genetic variation

A

the genetic difference between individuals

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5
Q

chromosomes

A

long strings of genetic material known as DNA

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6
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid

A

helix-shaped molecule made up of nucleotide base paris

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7
Q

genes

A

control a number of visible characterists

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8
Q

allele

A

specific version of a gene

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9
Q

genotype

A

genetic makeup of that individual

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10
Q

phenotype

A

the individuals inherited physical characteristics

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11
Q

dominant allele

A

either from 1 or both parents, result in the phenotype associated witht th edominant allele

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12
Q

homozygous

A

2 copies of the same allele

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13
Q

heterozygous

A

combination of alleles for a given gene

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14
Q

recessive allele

A

homozygous

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15
Q

polygenic

A

controlled by more than one gene

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16
Q

mutation

A

a sudden, permanent change in a gene

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17
Q

range of reaction

A

asserts that our genes set the boundaries within which we can operate and our environment interacts with the genes to determine where in that range we will fall

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18
Q

genetic environmental correlation

A

our genes influence our environment and our environment influences the expression of our genes

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19
Q

epigenetics

A

study how the same genotype can lead to very different phenotypes

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20
Q

nervous system

A

2 cell types; glial and neurons

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21
Q

glial cells

A

supportive to neruons, helps with communication, provides insulation, transportaion and mediate immune responses

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22
Q

neurons

A

interconnected information processors that are essential for all of the tasks of the nervous system

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23
Q

semipermeable membrane

A

allows smaller and non electrical charges to pass through while blocking higher charged and larger molecules

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24
Q

soma

A

cell body

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25
dendrites
branching extensions, input site; signals from other neurons
26
axon
where signals are transmitter across soma and down a major extension
27
terminal buttons
synaptic vesicles that house neurotransmitters (chemical messengers)
28
myelin sheath
coats axon and acts as an insulator (fatty substance)
29
nodes of ranvier
gaps in myelin sheath
30
synaptic cleft
small space between neurons, communication occurs
31
receptors
proteins on the cell surface where neurotransmitters attach
32
membrane potential
provides energy for the signal
33
resting potential
membrane's potential in state of readiness
34
threshold of excitation
neuron becomes active and the action potential begins
35
action potential
electrical signal moves from cell body down axon to axon terminal
36
reuptake
neurotransmitters being pumped back into the neuron that released ir
37
psychotropic medications
drugs that trest psychiatric symptoms by restoring neurotransmitters balance
38
agonists
chemicals that mimic a neurotransmitter at the receptor site
39
antagonist
blocks/impedes normal activity of neurotransmitters at receptors
40
nervous system
communication network that takes in information from the world and the body's tissues, makes decisions and sends back information
41
central nervous system (CNS)
brain and spinal cord
42
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
sensory and moter neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body
43
nerves
bundled axons, neural cables, CNS with muscles, glands and sense organs
44
somatic
enables voluntary control of our skeletal muscles
45
autonomic
controls glands and interal organ muscles
46
sympathetic NS
arouses and expands energy ("fight or flight")
47
parasympathetic NS
calms the body and conserves energy
48
homeostasis
steady internal state through both systems working together (balance)
49
motor neurons
carrying instructions from the CNS, muslce, efferent fibers ("moving away from")
50
sensory neurons
carrying sensroy information to the CNS ,afferent fibers ("moving towards")
51
Bob Woodruff
ABC reporter, tramatic brain injury from bomb explosion, deflicits and difficulties with memory and language, over time with intensive cognative and speech therapy he made recovery.
52
neuroplasticity
how the nervous system can change and adapt
53
cerebral cortex
surface of the brain
54
longitudinal tissue
most prominent sulcus and seperates the brain in 2 hemispheres
55
lateralization
specialization of function in each hemisphere
56
Michael Gazzangia
Research on lateralization, functions ranging from cause and effect, self-recognition and suggestions some degreee of hemisphere dominance.
57
corpus callosum
thick band of neural fibers, 200 million axons
58
Theona
62 year old women, suffered a stroke, experiences behavorial changes.
59
forebrain
largest part of the brain (hemispheres in cerebral cortex = part)
60
frontal lobe
forward part of the brain; involved in reasoning, motor control,emotion and language
61
motor cortex
planning and coordinating movement
62
prefrontal cortex
higher-level cognitive functioning
63
prefrontal cortex
higher-level cognitive functioning
64
Broca's area
essential for language production
65
Padma
Suffered damage to Broca's area: can read, follow directions and perform tasks, but cannot verbally respond and speak despite nothing being physically wrong with her mouth and vocal cords.
66
Phineas Gage
An iron rod was tempered and exploded in his face going through his skull. He was still conscious, walked, and spoke directly after. Following the accident, his personality changed drastically.
67
parietal lobe
processes information from the body's sense, located immediately behind the front lobe
68
somatosensory cortex
processes sensory information
69
somatosensory cortex
processes sensory information
70
temporal lobe
associated with hearing, memory, emotion and some aspects of language (side of the head)
71
auditory cortex
responsible for processing auditory information (located within the temporal lobe)
72
Wernicke's area
speech comprehension (within the temporal lobe)
73
occipital lobe
interprets incoming visual information, primary visual cortex located at the very back of the brain
74
thalamus
a sensory relay for the brain
75
limbic system
processes both emotion and memory
76
hippocampus
structure for learning and memory
77
amygdala
involved in our experience of emotion and in tying emotional meaning to our memories
78
hypothalamus
regulates homeostasis processes, including the regulation of the body temperature, appetite and blood pressure
79
Henry Gustav Molaison
27-year-old who experienced severe seizures
80
midbrain
structures located deep within the brain, between forebrain and hindbrain
81
reticular formation
centered in midbrain, extends into forebrain and hindbrain
82
substania nigra and ventral tegmental area
located in midbrain
83
hindbrain
at the back of the head, looks like and extension of the spinal cord
84
medulla
controls automatic processes of the nervous system
85
pons
connects the hindbrain to the rest of the brain
86
cerebellum
receives messages from muscles, tendons, joints, and structures in our ear to control balance, coordination, movement and motor skills
87
computerized tomography scan
takes a number of x-rays of a particular section of a person's body or brain
88
positron emission tomography (PET)
creates pictures of the living, active brain
89
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
inside a machine generating a strong magnetic field, when on it causes hydrogen atoms emit electromagnetic signals
90
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
inside a machine generating a strong magnetic field, when on it causes hydrogen atoms to emit electromagnetic signals
91
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
inside a machine generating a strong magnetic field, when on it causes hydrogen atoms to emit electromagnetic signals
92
electroencephalography (EEG)
provides measure of brain's electrical activity
93
endocrine system
a series of glands that produce chemical substances known as hormones
94
hormones
chemical messengers that bind to a receptor to send their signal
95
pituitary gland
its messenger hormones control all the other glands in the endocrine system
96
thyroid gland
releases hormones that regulate growth, metabolism and appetite
97
Grave's disease
thyroid secretes too much thyroxine and agitation, bulging eyes and weight loss
98
hypothyroidism
reduced hormone levels, tiredness and feeling cold
99
adrenal glands
secrete hormones involved in stress response (epinephrine and norepinephrine)
100
pancreas
internal organ secretes hormones that regulate blood sugar levels (essential for stable levels)

psychology (5 decks)

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