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psychology > psych chapter 5 > Flashcards

psych chapter 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

sensory receptors

A

specialized neurons that respond to specific types of stimuli

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2
Q

sensation

A

when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor

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3
Q

transduction

A

conversion from sensory stimulus energy to action potential

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4
Q

absolute threshold

A

the minimum amount of stimulus energy that must be present for the stimulus to be detected 50% of the time

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5
Q

subliminal messages

A

messages presented below the threshold of conscious awareness

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6
Q

difference threshold

A

changes depending on the stimulus intensity

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7
Q

Weber’s law

A

the difference threshold is a constant fraction of the original stimulus (Ernst Weber - 1830’s)

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8
Q

perception

A

the way sensory information is organized, interpreted & consciously experienced

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9
Q

bottom-up processing

A

sensory information from a stimulus in the environment driving a process

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10
Q

top-down processing

A

knowledge & expectancy driving a process

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11
Q

sensory adaptation

A

not perceiving stimuli that remain relatively constant over prolonged periods of time

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12
Q

inattentional blindness

A

the failure to notice something that is completely visible because the person was actively attending to something else & did not pay attention to other things

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13
Q

signal detection theory

A

the ability to identify a stimulus when it is embedded in a distracting background

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14
Q

Muller-lyer illusion

A

lines appear to be different lengths, but they are actually the same length

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15
Q

amplitude

A

the distance from the center line to the top point if the crest or the bottom point of the trough

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16
Q

wavelength

A

the length of a wave from one peak to the next

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17
Q

frequency

A

the number of waves that pass a given point in a given time period & is often expressed in terms of hertz

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18
Q

hertz (Hz)

A

cycles per second

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19
Q

visible spectrum

A

the portion of the larger electromagnetic spectrum that we can see

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20
Q

electromagnetic spectrum

A

encompasses all of the electromagnetic radiation that occurs in our environment including; gamma rays, x-rays, ultraviolet light, visible light, infrared light, microwave, & radio waves

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21
Q

decibels (dB)

A

logarithmic unit of sound intensity

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22
Q

timbre

A

a sound’s purity, affected by complex interplay of frequency, amplitude, & timing of sound waves

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23
Q

cornea

A

the transparent covering over the eye

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24
Q

pupil

A

the small opening in the eye through which light passes, & the size changes as a function of light levels & emotional arousal

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25
iris
the colored portion of the eye
26
lens
curved, transparent structure that serves to provide additional focus
27
fovea
small indentation in the back of the eye, contains photo receptor cells
28
retina
light-sensitive lining of the eye
29
photo receptor cells
light detecting cells (cones)
30
cones
specialized types of photo receptors that work best in bright light conditions
31
rods
specialized types of photo receptor that work well in low light conditions, involved in perception of movement on periphery of visual field
32
optic nerve
carries visual information from the retina to the brain
33
blind spot
even when light from a small object is focused on the blind spot, we do not see it
34
optic chiasm
information from the right visual field is sent to the left side of the brain & vice vesa
35
"what pathway"
involved in object recognition & identification
36
"when/how pathway"
involved with location in space & how one might interact with a particular visual stimulus
37
trichomatic theory of color vision
all colors in the spectrum can be produced by combining red, green, & blue
38
opponent-process theory
color is coded in opponent pairs: black-white, yellow-blue, & green-red
39
afterimage
describes the continuation of a visual sensation after removal of the stimulus
40
depth perception
ability to perceive spatial relationships in 3D space
41
binocular cues
rely on the use of both eye
42
binocular disparity
the slightly different view of the world that each of our eyes receives
43
monocular cues
cues that require only one eye
44
linear perspective
we perceive depth when we see two parallel lines that seem to converge in an image
45
pinna
visible part of the ear that protrudes from our heads
46
tympanic membrane
eardrum
47
ossicles
3 tiny bones in the middle ear
48
cochlea
fluid-filled, snail-shaped structure that contains the sensory receptor cells of the auditory system
49
hair cells
auditory receptor cells of the inner ear embedded in the basilar membrane
50
basilar membrane
thin strip of tissue within the cochlea
51
temporal theory
frequency is coded by the activity level of a sensory neuron
52
place theory
different portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies
53
monaural cues
one-eared
54
binaural cues
two-eared
55
interaural level difference
the fact that a sound coming from the right side of your body is more intense at your right ear, due to the attention
56
interaural timing difference
the small difference in the time at which a given sound wave arrives at each ear
57
deafness
the partial or complete inability to hear
58
congential deafness
born without hearing
59
conductive hearing loss
a problem delivering sound energy to the cochlea
60
sensorineural hearing loss
failure to transmit neural signals from the cochlea to brain
61
Meniere's disease
degeneration of the inner ear structures that can lead to hearing loss, tinnitus (ringing/buzzing), vertigo (sense of spinning), increased pressure within the inner ear
62
cochlear implants
electronic devices that consist of a microphone, speech processor, & electrode array
63
umami
a japanese word that roughly translates to yummy, its associated with a taste for monosodium glutamate
64
taste buds
formed by groupings of taste receptor cells with hair-like extensions that protrude into the central pore of the taste bud
65
olfactory receptor
located in a mucous membrane, small hair-like extensions from these receptors serve as the sites for odor molecules dissolved in the mucus to interact with chemical receptors located on these extensions
66
olfactory bulb
a bulb-like structure at the tip of the frontal lobe where the olfactory nerve begin
67
meissner's corpuscles
respond to pressure & lower frequency vibrations
68
pacinian corpuscles
detect transient pressure & higher frequency vibrations
69
merkel's disk
responds to light pressure
70
ruffini corpuscles
detect stretch
71
thermoception
temperature perception
72
nociception
a signal indicating potential harm & maybe pain
73
inflammatory pain
signals some type of tissue damage
74
neuropathic pain
signals sent to the brain that are exaggerated
75
congenital insensitivity to pain
rare genetic disorder, when an individual is born without the ability to feel pain (congenital analgesia)
76
vestibular sense
ability to maintain balance & body pressure
77
proprioception
perception of body position
78
kinesthesia
perception of the body's movement through space
79
Max wertheimer
individuals perceived motion in rapidly flickering static images, his partners, wolfgang kohler & kurt koffka, believed that perception involves more than combining sensory stimuli
80
gestalt psychology
the whole is different from the sum of its parts
81
figure-ground relationship
we segment our visual world into figure & ground
82
proximity
things that are close to one another tend to be grouped together
83
similarity
things that are alike tend to be grouped together
84
continuity
we are more likely to perceive continuous, smooth flowing lines rather than broken lines (good continuation)
85
principle of closure
we organize our perceptions into complete objects rather than as a series of parts
86
pattern perception
our ability to discriminate among different figures & shapes
87
perceptual hypothesis
educated guesses that we make while interpreting sensory information

psychology (5 decks)

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