psych chapter 6

Question 1

reflexes

Answer 1

a motor or neural reaction to a specific stimulus in the environment

Question 2

learning

Answer 2

the process of acquiring through experience new & relatively enduring information or behaviors

Question 3

John Locke & David Hume

Answer 3

echoed Aristotle, we learn, first, by association, our minds naturally connect events

Question 4

habituation

Answer 4

decreasing responsiveness with repeated exposure to a stimulus

Question 5

associative learning

Answer 5

learning that certain events occur together, the event may be two stimuli or a response & its consequence

Question 6

stimulus

Answer 6

any event or situation that evokes a response

Question 7

respondent behavior

Answer 7

occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

Question 8

operant behavior

Answer 8

operates on the environment, producing consequences

Question 9

Ivan Pavlov

Answer 9

Russian scientist, best known for research on dogs & experiments in classical conditioning

Question 10

classical conditioning

Answer 10

a process by which we learn to associate stimuli & consequently to anticipate events

Question 11

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Answer 11

stimulus that elicits a reflective response in an organism

Question 12

unconditioned response (UCR)

Answer 12

a natural (unlearned) reaction to a given stimulus

Question 13

neutral stimulus (NS)

Answer 13

stimulus that does not naturally elicit a response

Question 14

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Answer 14

stimulus that elicits a response after repeatedly being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

Question 15

conditioned response (CR)

Answer 15

behavior caused by the conditioned stimulus

Question 16

Moisha

Answer 16

diagnosed with cancer, she vomited every time after her chemotherapy treatments & after the remission of her cancer and she still had doctors appointments she would get nauseous when at the office

Question 17

higher-order conditioning

Answer 17

pairing a new neutral stimulus with the conditioned stimulus (second-order conditioning)

Question 18

acquisition

Answer 18

when an organism learned to connect a neutral stimulus & an unconditioned stimulus

Question 19

Garcia & Koelling

Answer 19

rat study involving flavor/illness & light-sound/illness, flavor/illness group learned to avoid the flavor

Question 20

Robert Rescorla & Alan Wagner

Answer 20

mathematical formula to calculate probability that association is learned given the ability of a conditioned stimulus predicting the occurrence of an unconditioned stimulus & other factors (Rescorla-Wagner model)

Question 21

extinction

Answer 21

the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus

Question 22

spontaneous recovery

Answer 22

the return of a previously extinguished conditioned response following a res period

Question 23

stimulus discrimination

Answer 23

when an organism learned to respond differently to various stimuli that are similar

Question 24

stimulus generalization

Answer 24

when an organism demonstrates the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus

Question 25

John B. Watson

Answer 25

founder of behaviorism, the idea that all behavior can be studied as a simple stimulus-response reaction, without regard for the internal processes (outward observable behavior)

Question 26

shaping

Answer 26

rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior

Question 27

primary reinforcer

Answer 27

reinforcers that have innate reinforcing qualities

Question 28

secondary reinforcer

Answer 28

no inherent value & only has reinforcing qualities when linked with a primary reinforcer

Question 29

Adibereshki & Abkenar

Answer 29

found that token economies, increases appropriate social behavior & reduced inappropriate behaviorism

Question 30

continuous reinforcement

Answer 30

when an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior

Question 31

partial reinforcement

Answer 31

the person or animal does not get reinforced every time they perform the desired behavior (intermittent reinforcement)

Question 32

fixed

Answer 32

the number of responses between reinforcements, or amount of time in between reinforcements (unchanging)

Question 33

variable

Answer 33

the number of responses or amount of time between reinforcements (changes)

Question 34

interval

Answer 34

the schedule is based on the time between reinforcements

Question 35

ratio

Answer 35

the schedule is based on the number of responses between reinforcements

Question 36

fixed interval reinforcement schedule

Answer 36

when behavior is rewarded after a set amount of time

Question 37

variable interval reinforcement schedule

Answer 37

the person or animal gets the reinforcement based on varying amounts of time (unpredictable)

Question 38

fixed ratio reinforcement schedule

Answer 38

there are a set number of responses that must occur before the behavior is rewarded

Question 39

variable ratio reinforcement schedule

Answer 39

the number of responses needed for a reward varies (most powerful)

Question 40

Skinner

Answer 40

staunch believer that cognition didn't matter, ideas considered radical behaviorism

Question 41

Edward C. Tolman

Answer 41

placed hungry rats in a maze with no reward for finding their way out

Question 42

cognitive map

Answer 42

a mental picture of the layout of the maze

Question 43

latent learning

Answer 43

learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate is

Question 44

observational learning

Answer 44

when we learn by watching others & then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say

Question 45

models

Answer 45

individuals imitating the behavior

Question 46

Albert Bandura

Answer 46

social learning theory, taking cognitive processes into account, pure behaviorism can't explain learning in the absences of external reinforcement

Question 47

live model

Answer 47

in person behavior

Question 48

verbal model

Answer 48

explains/describes behavior

Question 49

symbolic model

Answer 49

behaviors demonstrated by fictional characters/real people in books, movies, tv, etc.

Question 50

vicarious reinforcement

Answer 50

seeing the model be reinforced for their behavior, & being more motivated to copy them

Question 51

vicarious punishment

Answer 51

seeing the model being punished, & less motivated to copy them

Question 52

prosocial

Answer 52

used to encourage socially acceptable behavior (positive)

Question 53

antisocial

Answer 53

negative behaviors