psych chapter 6

Question 1

memory

Answer 1

mental processes that enable you to retain and retrieve info over time

Question 2

process of memory

Answer 2

encoding
storage
retrieval

Question 3

encoding

Answer 3

code& put into memory
visual code- remembering as a picture
acoustic- remembering as sounds
semantic- remembering in terms of meaning

Question 4

storage

Answer 4

maintaining info over time
maintenance rehearsal - mentally repeat
elaborative rehearal- elaborating or extending semantic meaning

Question 5

retrieval

Answer 5

locating stored info and returning it to consciousness

Question 6

stage model of memory

Answer 6

sensory memory
short-term memory
long-term memory

Question 7

sensory memory

Answer 7

registers info from the environment and holds it for a brief moment
visual icons- only last a fraction of a second
echoic memory- hearing lasts longer than visual

Question 8

short-term memory

Answer 8

active stage where memory is stored for up to 20 secs
chunking 7 items
serial-position effect
limited capacity up to about 7 items

Question 9

serial position effect

Answer 9

tendency to recall first and last items in a series

Question 10

long-term memory

Answer 10

relatively permanent memory
unlimited capacity
info lost but never delted

Question 11

maintenance rehearsal

Answer 11

mental or verbal repetition of info in order to maintain it beyond the usual 20 secs duration of short-term memory

Question 12

elaborative rehearsal

Answer 12

rehearsal that involves focusing on the meaning of information to help encode and transfer it to long-term memory
relate info to other info already known

Question 13

Braddeley’s model of working memory

Answer 13

visuospatial sketchpad-spacial or visual material (remembering layout of room or city)
phonological loop-verbal material (list of # and words)
central executive- controls attention, integrates info, nd manages activities of phonological loop & visuospatial sketchpad

Question 14

retrospective

Answer 14

part of long-term
things previously learned
1. explicit
2. implicit

Question 15

explicit memory

Answer 15

declarative memory
memory with conscious recall
1.semantic- facts, general knowledge (names
2. episodic- personally experienced events

Question 16

implicit

Answer 16

non declarative
how to do things, implied by doing, habits last for year, can be automatic (classical conditioning)
1. procedural- motor & cognitive skill
2. disposition- classical & operant conditioning

Question 17

prospective memory

Answer 17

remembering things to do in the future
includes habits, event based task, times based
memory fails bc moods and attitude
as we age we see a decline in both types of memory

Question 18

retrieval

Answer 18

process of accessing stored info

Question 19

retrieval cue

Answer 19

a clue, prompt, or hint that helps trigger recall of a given piece of information in long-term memory

Question 20

retrieval cue failure

Answer 20

the inability to recall long-term memories because of inadequate or missing retrieval cue

Question 21

tip of the tongue experience

Answer 21

inability to to get at a bit info that you’re absolutely certain is stored in your memory

Question 22

recall

Answer 22

retrieving info without the use of retrieval cues

Question 23

cued recall

Answer 23

remembering an item of info in response to a retrieval cues

Question 24

recognition

Answer 24

identifying correct info out of several possible choices

Question 25

encoding specificity principle

Answer 25

principle that when the conditions of info retrieval are similar to the conditions of info encoding, retrieval is more likely to be succesful

Question 26

context effect

Answer 26

tendency to recover info more easily when the retrieval occurs in the same setting as original learning of info

Question 27

flashbulb memories

Answer 27

recall of very specific images or details surrounding a vivid rare or significant personal event details may or may not be accurate

Question 28

forgetting

Answer 28

inability to recall information that was previously available

Question 29

why do we forget

Answer 29

encoding failure decay theory interference theory motivated forgetting

Question 30

encoding failure

Answer 30

inability to recall specific info bc of insufficient encoding of the info for storage in long-term memory never encoding the info into long-term memory

Question 31

decay theory

Answer 31

we forget memories bc we dont use them and they fade away over time as a matter of normal brain processes

Question 32

interference theory

Answer 32

forgetting is caused by one memory competing with or replacing another

Question 33

two types of interference

Answer 33

retroactive interference | proactive interference

Question 34

retroactive interference

Answer 34

when a new memory interferes with remembering an old memory

Question 35

proactive interference

Answer 35

when an old memory interferes with remembering a new memory

Question 36

motivated forgetting

Answer 36

idea that we forget bc we are motivated to forget usually bc a memory is unpleasant or disurbing suppression and repression

Question 37

suppression

Answer 37

motivated forgetting that occurs consciously

Question 38

repression

Answer 38

motivated forgetting that occurs unconsciously

Question 39

misinformation effect

Answer 39

memory distortion phenomenon in which a person's existing memories can be altered if the person is exposed to misleading info

Question 40

source confusion

Answer 40

memory distortion that occurs when the true source of the memory is forgotten

Question 41

false memory

Answer 41

distorted or fabricated recollection of something that did not actually occur

Question 42

schemas

Answer 42

organized cluster of info about a particular topic

Question 43

scripts

Answer 43

schema for the typical sequence of an everyday event

Question 44

schemas& scripts and false memories

Answer 44

schemas can cause memory errors by prompting us to fill in missing details with schema consistent info

Question 45

imagination inflation

Answer 45

memory phenomenon in which vividly imagining an event markedly increases confidence that the event actually occurred

Question 46

memory consolidation

Answer 46

the gradual physical process of converting new long-term memories stable enduring memory codes

Question 47

retrograde amnesia

Answer 47

loss of memory especially for episodic information

Question 48

anterograde amnesia

Answer 48

loss of memory caused by the inability to store new memories

Question 49

alzheimer's disease

Answer 49

progressive disease that destroys the brains neurons gradually impairing memory, thinking, language, and other cognitive functions, resulting in the complete inability to care for oneself

Question 50

ways to improve memory

Answer 50

``` space study sessions sleep on it to help consolidate those memories focus your attention commit the necessary time organize the info elaborate on the material use visual imagery explain it to a friend reduce interference within a topic ```