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Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Psychology

A

scientific study of behavior and mental processes

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2
Q

Aristotle

A

wrote about sleeps, dreams, the senses, and memory

PERI PSYCHE- about the psyche

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3
Q

Rene Decartes

A

interactive dualism- mind and body were separate entities that interact to produce sensations, emotions, and other conscious experiences

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4
Q

nature vs. nurture

A 
nature= mind= genetic; DNA
nurture= body= environment
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5
Q

Physiology

A

biology that studies the functions and parts of living organisms

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6
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

first psychology lab
used scientific method to study fundamental psychological processes
founder of psychology
considered structuralist

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7
Q

William James

A 
instrumental in establishing psych in US
influenced by Darwin
started Functionalism
stressed adaptation to environmental changes
"Principles of Psych"
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8
Q

Functionalsim

A

school of psychology started by James

stresses importance of how behavior functions to allow people and animals to adapt to their environment

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9
Q

Structuralism

A

developed by Edward B. Titchener
early school of psych
emphasized studying the most basic components or structures of conscious experiences
first school of psych to disappear

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10
Q

19th Cent Contributions

A 
James
Wundt
Freud
Pavlov
Watson
Skinner
Rogers
Maslow
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11
Q

Freud

A

founder of psychoanalysis
studied the unconscious
unconscious conflict were almost always sexual or aggressive

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12
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

personality theory and form of psychotherapy that emphasizes the role of the unconscious factors in personality and behavior

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13
Q

Gestalt Psychology

A

making psychology whole

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14
Q

Behaviorism

A

rejected emphasis on consciousness promoted by structuralism functionalism & psychoanalysis
emphasizes the study of observable behavior as they pertain to the process of learning
Pavlov Skinner & Watson associated with it
goal: discover the fundamental principles of learning

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15
Q

Pavlov

A

behaviorist
experimented on dog using a bell
dog would drool when bell rang because he knew he would get food

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16
Q

Watson

A

behaviorist

used reinforcement and punishment

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17
Q

Humanistic psych

A

emphasizes each persons unique potential for psychologicall growth and self-direction
founded by Rogers

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18
Q

Rogers

A

founded humanistic psych
emphasized conscious experiences with patients
self-determination, free will, importance of choice

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19
Q

Maslow

A

humanistic

emphasized psychological growth

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20
Q

8 perspectives in contemporary psych

A 
biological
psychodynamic
behavioral
humanistic-existential
positive
cognitive
cross-cultural
evolutionary
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21
Q

Biological perspective

A

emphasizes studying the physical base of human and animal behavior
included nervous system, endocrine system, immune system, and genetics

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22
Q

Psychodynamic perspective

A

emphasizes the importance of unconscious influences, early life experiences, and interpersonal relationships in explaining the underlying dynamic of behavior or in treating people with psychological problems

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23
Q

Behavioral perspective

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A

how behavior is acquired or modified by environmental causes

24
Q

Humanistic perspective

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A

motivation of people to grow psychologically, the influence of interpersonal relationships on a persons self-concept, and the importance of choice and self-direction in striving to reach one’s potential

25
Positive Psychology perspective
study of positive emotions and psychological states, positive individual traits, and the social institutions that foster positive individuals and communities
26
Cognitive perspective
focused on the important role of mental processes in how people process and remember information, develop languages, solve problems, and think
27
Cross-cultural perspective
how cultural factors influence patterns of behavior
28
culture
attitudes, values, beliefs, and behaviors shared by a group of people and communicated from one generation to another
29
Evolutionary perspective
application of principles of evolution to explain psychological processes and phenomena natural selecetion
30
Specialty areas in psych
``` biological psych clinical psych cognitive psych counseling psych educational psych experimental psych developmental forensic health industrial/ organizational personality rehabilitation social sports school military ```
31
Biological psychology
studies psychological processes and bodys physical systems | includes neuroscience
32
Clinical psych
studies the causes, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of different types of behavioral and emotional disorders
33
Counseling psych
helps people of all ages adjust, adapt, and cope with personal and interpersonal problems
34
Educational psych
studies how people of all ages learn | help develop instructional methods and materials used to train people in edu. and work settings
35
Experimental psych
research focused on sensory and perceptual processes, and principles of learning, emotion and motivation
36
Developmental psych
studies the physical, social, and psychological changes that occur at diff ages and stages of lifespan
37
Forensic psych
applies psych principles and techniques to legal issues such as assessment and treatment of offenders, mental competency to stand trial, child custody, jury selection, and eyewitness testimony
38
Health psych
focuses of psych factors in development, prevention, and treatment of illness
39
Industrial/organizational psych
concerned with relationship btwn people and work | job analysis, personnel selection and training, worker productivity, job satis.. etc
40
Personality psych
studies nature of human personality, including individual difference, the characterisitcs that make each person unique
41
Rehab psych
applies psych knowledge to helping people with chronic and disabling health conditions
42
Social psych
explores how ppl are affected by social environments and how ppl influence others
43
Sports psych
psych theory and knowledge to enhance athletic motivation performance and consistency
44
Clinical Psychology vs Psychiatry
clinical psychology= receives leads to a doctorate with PhD PsyD training with psychotherapy psychiatry= medical speacialty; need medical degree MD or DO; can hospitalize or prescribe drug
45
4 goals of psych
describe explain predict control
46
Scientific assumptions
1. events are lawful-assume behavior and mental processes follow consistent pattern 2. events are explainable- behavior and mental process have cause or causes that can be understood through careful systematic study 3. open-minded- willing to consider new or alternative explanation 4. healthy skepticism- critically evaluate evidence
47
Critical thinking
active process of minimizing preconceptions and biases while evaluating evidence, determining the conclusions that can reasonably be drawn from evidence , and considering alternative explanations for research findings or other phenomena
48
Descriptive research method
strategies for observing and describing behavior 1. naturalistic 2. case studies 3. surveys 4. correlational study
49
Naturalistic
researchers study subject in natural setting | crucial they're not seen so subject doesn't change behavior
50
Case studies
intensive study of a single individual or small group of individuals with unique behavior/phenomena long-term many people may drop out
51
Surveys
questionnaire or interview designed to investigate the opinions, behaviors, or characteristis of a particular group quantitative info not reliable need sample of population for study
52
Correlational study
show how strong two factors are related use correlation coeff less than or equal to 1.00 can be pos or neg
53
Imaging techniques used to study brain
1. positron emission tomography 2. magnetic resonance imaging 3. functional magnetic resonance imaging
54
Positron emission tomography
PET scan invasive provides color-coded images of brain activity by tracking the brain's use of radioactively tagged compound such as glucose oxygen or another drug
55
Magnetic resonance imaging
MRI noninvasive produces highly detailed images of the body's structures and tissues using electromagnetic signals generated by the body in response to magnetic fields
56
Functional magnetic resonance imaging
fMRI noninvasive uses magnetic fields to map brain activity by mearuring changes in the brain's blood flow and oxygen levels
57
limitations to imaging techniques
1. involve small number of subjects 2. tend to focus on simple aspects of behavior 3. may not increase understanding of psychological process 4. not necessarily a more scientific explanation

Psychology (6 decks)

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