Psych Exam 2 Flashcards
(179 cards)
1
Q
Simple stimulation of a sense organ
A
Sensation
2
Q
Organizing sensations and turning them into a mental image
A
Perception
3
Q
Transforms sensation to CNS
A
Transduction
4
Q
Stimulation of sensory cells (light coming into eyes)
A
Reception
5
Q
Delivers neutral info to the brain for processing
A
Transmission
6
Q
Top-Down Processing
A
Prior Knowledge
7
Q
Bottom-Up Processing
A
What we see from the environment
8
Q
Brain processes many things at once
A
Parallel Processing
9
Q
Gestalt Principles (6)
A
Figure-Ground
Proximity
Similarity
Closure
Good Continuation
Common Fate
10
Q
Certain info given priority
over background info
A
Figure Ground
11
Q
Close objects grouped together
A
Proximity
12
Q
physically similar objects grouped
together
A
Similarity
13
Q
tendency to perceive whole
objects despite pieces of whole object
missing coherent message
A
Closure
14
Q
tendency to see
continuously flowing lines even though lines
cross or are interrupted
A
Good Continuation
15
Q
objects that move together
will be grouped together
A
Common Fate
16
Q
senses decrease overtime (someone puts on a perfume and gets used to it so they don’t smell it anymore)
A
sensory ADAPTATION
17
Q
minimal intensity needed to barely detect stimulus; least amount for sense to be detected
A
Absolute Threshold
18
Q
minimal change (volume is always one way and slightly adjusted until noticed)
A
Just Noticeable Difference (JND)
19
Q
JND of stimulus is a constant proportion despite changes in intensity
A
Webers Law
20
Q
technique that measures a
person’s perceptual sensitivity
A
Single Detection Theory (SDT)
21
Q
Whats a form of Electromagnetic Radiation
A
Light
22
Q
Spectrum of light we can and can’t see
A
Electromagnetic Spectrum
23
Q
thin tissue layer
containing photoreceptors
A
Retina
24
Q
outermost,
transparent layer that helps
focus on objects
A
Cornea
25
hole which contracts &
expands depending on amount of
light in environment
Pupil
26
flexible area behind pupil
which refracts light onto retina via
accommodation
Lens
27
Order of which light passes through eye
cornea, pupil, lens, retina
28
process by
which eye maintains clear
image on retina
Accomidation
29
Myopia
nearsighted
30
Hyperopia
Farsighted
31
Photoreceptor Types (2)
rods and cones
32
Area of retina where vision clearest & concentrated with
cones (no rods)
Fovea
33
Detect color, operate under normal daylight conditions, &
aid in visual acuity
Cones
34
Become active under low-light conditions for night vision (no
color vision). Functions in peripheral vision.
Rods
35
Part of visual
field producing no sensation
on retina
Blind Spot
36
Bundled axons that exit eye and enter brain
Optic nerve
37
X shaped which
reorganizes axons from each eye for more
sophisticated processing
Optic Chaism
38
Message that exits eye via optic nerve
travels to
Visual Cortex
39
identify visual info; the
“what” pathway
Ventral Stream
40
understand location; the
“where” path
Dorsal Stream
41
Visual Path Sequence (8)
1. Cornea
2. Pupil
3. Lens
4. Retina
5. Optic Nevrve
6. Optic Chiasm
7. Thalamus
8. Occipital Lobe
42
Color Vision in Fovea
Cones
43
What color are cones sensitive to
red (long), green (medium), blue (short)
44
Is color an adaptive trait
Yes
45
color info is
identified by comparing
activation of 3 different
cones: red, green, & blue
Trichromatic Theory
46
short color wavelength
blue
47
medium color wavelength
green
48
long color wavelength
red
49
What causes colorblindness
born without a type of cone
50
Does trichromatic theory count for the full color spectrum
no
51
Asserts that cells fire in an opposing fashion (color)
Opponent Process Theory
52
In opponent process theory what color pairs with red
green
53
In opponent process theory what color pairs with blue
yellow
54
In opponent process theory, what color pairs with black
white
55
2 types of depth perception cues
monocular and binocular
56
Only requires 1 eye to
understand message of depth
* Relative size, relative height, linear
perspective, interposition, texture
gradient
Monocular
57
Requires input from both eyes to
compare images from each eye to
understand how far away object is
Binocular
58
difference between retinal image on both eyes
* As images move farther away,
smaller disparity on retinas
retinal disparity
59
when people fail to detect changes to
the visual details of a scene
change blindness
60
failure to perceive objects that are
not the focus of attention
Inattentional Blindness
61
form of energy that travels in waves, or
vibrations of air molecules
Sound Waves
62
What Structure of the Ear Collects Sound Waves
Outer Ear Structures
63
What are the Two Outer Ear Structures
Pinna
Ear Canal
64
funnels sound waves into
auditory canal
Pinna
65
Moves sounds toward the eardrum
Ear Canal; AKA Auditory Canal
66
What Ear Structure transmits Vibrations
Middle Ear Structure
67
Middle Ear Structures (2)
Tympanic Membrane
Ossicles
68
transfers energy via vibrations to ossicles
Tympanic Membrane (eardrum)
69
3 small bones that amplify
vibrations of sound waves as they travel
into inner ear via the oval window, which
connects to the cochlea
Ossicles
70
What Ear Structure deals with Transduction
Inner Ear Structure
71
fluid-filled shell in which vibrations are
transduced (translated) into neural language of
brain
Cochlea
72
flexible tissue
where hair cells (actual receptors for sound)
are located
Basilar Membrane
73
balance & proprioception
Semicircular Canals
74
What Causes Conductive Hearing Loss
damage
to eardrum or ossicles
75
What Causes Sensorineural hearing loss
damage to cochlea, hair cells, or
auditory nerve
76
Perception of taste & smell
via activation of
chemoreceptors
77
Olfaction
Sense of smell
78
80% of what we taste is via...
Olfaction
79
Gustation
Sense of Taste
80
5 basic taste
1. Sweet
2. Salty
3. Sour
4. Bitter
5. Umami (savory)
81
Where does taste begin
The papillae
82
skin receptors that sense changes of hot & cold
Thermoreceptors
83
What detects pain
nociceptors
84
impulses
indicating painful stimuli can be
blocked in spinal cord by signals from
brain
Gate-Control Theory of Pain
85
provides
understanding of orientation & location
of body in space
Kinesthetic Sense
86
sense of balance
* Works closely with kinesthetic sense
Vestibular Sense
87
subjective experience of the
world and the mind
Consciousness
88
Includes how the mind is related to the brain and body
Mind-Body Problem
89
Body made of physical matter; mind is separate & made
of “thinking substance”
Descartes
90
FOUR BASIC PROPERTIES OF CONSCIOUSNESS
1. Intentionality
2. Unity
3. Selectivity
4. Transience
91
being directed toward an object
Intentionality
92
integrating information from all senses to form a coherent whole
Unity
93
capacity to include some objects but not others
* Dichotic listening
* Cocktail party phenomenon
Selectivity
94
has tendency to change
Transience
95
What type of sleep do you have about 90 minutes
REM sleep
96
attempt to change
conscious states of mind
Mental Control
97
conscious
avoidance of a thought
Thought suppression
98
tendency of a thought to
return to consciousness more regularly
after suppression
Rebound effect of thought
suppression
99
active system containing
lifetime of hidden memories, deep instincts &
desires, & your inner struggle to control these
forces
Dynamic Unconcious
100
mental process that removes
unacceptable thoughts/memories from
consciousness & keeps them in unconscious
Repression
101
all mental processes that give rise to
person’s thoughts, choices, emotions, &
behavior (even though not experienced by
person)
Cognitive Unconcious
102
Dual Process Theory: System 1
Fast, automatic, & unconscious
processing
103
Dual Process Theory: System 2
Slow, effortful, & conscious processing
104
pre-sleep consciousness
Hypnagogic State
105
sudden quiver/sensation of
dropping, as if missing a step
Hypnic Jerk
106
Post Sleep Consciousness
Hypnopompic state
107
naturally occurring 24-hour
wake-sleep cycle, involving behavior or
physiological processes
Circadian Rythym
108
beta waves (high frequency)
Waking
109
alpha waves (low frequency)
Relaxing
110
How many sleep stages are there
5
111
Brain wave activity slowing down (theta
waves) NOT FULLY AWAKE
Stage 1 Sleep
112
EEG patterns interrupted by short
bursts of activity (sleep spindles & K complexes)
* Becomes somewhat more difficult to wake up
Stage 2 Sleep
113
deep sleep (or slow-wave sleep), characterized by delta waves
Stage 3 and 4 sleep
114
characterized by rapid eye movements & high level of brain activity (beta waves)
REM sleep
115
What sleep stage does dreaming most occur in
REM
116
What are some sleep deprivation effects
Reduce mental sharpness &
reaction time
* Increase irritability &
depression
* Increase risk of accidents &
injury
117
difficulty in falling or
staying asleep
Insomnia
118
Sleep apnea
person stops
breathing for brief periods while
asleep
119
Somnambulism (sleepwalking)
person arises & walks
around during slow-wave sleep early on in the night
120
sudden sleep attacks occur in middle of
waking activities
Narcolepsy
121
experience of waking up unable to
move after REM sleep
Sleep Paraylisis
122
5 major characteristics distinguish dreaming from waking consciousness:
* Intense emotion
* Illogical thought
* Meaningful sensation (usually visual)
* Uncritical acceptance
* Difficulty remembering dream upon waking
123
Freuds Dream Theory
Dreams hold meaning
124
Dreams are a way for the unconscious
mind to communicate with the conscious
(individuation)
(Dreams help us process current situations and unfinished emotional/mental
problems.)
Jungs Dream Theory
125
Dreams are
produced when brain attempts to make
sense of activations (random brain activity)
occurring during sleep
Activation–synthesis model
126
tendency for larger
drug dose to be required over time to
achieve same effect
Tolerance
127
unpleasant
physiological symptoms after
withdrawal from drug use
Physical Dependence
128
desire to
return to drug even when physical
symptoms gone
Psychological Dependence
129
chemicals that influence
consciousness or behavior by
altering brain’s
neurotransmitters (chemical
messaging)
Psychoactive Drugs
130
Types of Psychoactive Drugs (5)
* Depressants
* Stimulants
* Narcotics
* Hallucinogens
* Marijuana
131
What reduces CNS activity
Depressants
132
increase CNS activity, heightening arousal &
activity levels
Stimulant
133
highly addictive drugs derived from
opium that relieve pain
Narcotics (opiates)
134
drugs that alter sensation & perception; often cause visual & auditory hallucinations
Hallucinogens
135
social interaction in which hypnotist makes
suggestions that lead to change in participant’s subjective experience of world
Hypnosis
136
Reduces pain 4 more times than Aspirin
Hypnotic Analgesia
137
What 3 skills affect an infants ability to learn
1. Joint attention
2. Social Referencing
3. Imitation
138
ability to focus on what
another person is focused on
Joint attention
139
ability to use another person’s reactions as
information about how to think about
the world
Social Referencing
140
ability to do what another
person does
imitation
141
Who created sociocultural theory
Lev Vygotsky
142
Cognitive development is a
continuous process closely
tied to environment in
which children are raised
Sociocultural Theory
143
distance between what a child can accomplish alone & what a child can accomplish with help on a task
Zone of proximal development
144
Young organisms
predisposed to form relationships
with adults of their species
Imprinting
145
Who dealt with imprinting?
Konrad Lorenz’s
146
What experiment dealt withh biological needs/survival
Harry Harlow’s (1958) experiments
with rhesus monkeys
147
What did Harlow's experiment test
Examined whether mother-infant
attachment was based on
sustenance/food or
comfort/warmth
148
Who studied attachment
Mary Ainsworth
149
emotional
closeness & healthy level of
independence and exploration
Secure attatchment
150
Infant not distressed when
caregiver leaves;
acknowledges caregiver’s
return
Secure
151
clingy, resist separation
Ambivalent attachment
152
Fearful of stranger; infant
distressed when caregiver
leaves; difficult to calm when
caregiver returns
Ambivalent
153
infant not distressed when caregiver leaves & not acknowledge return
Avoidant
154
no consistent response patterns in attachment style
disorganized
155
biologically based pattern of attentional and emotional reactivity
Temperament
156
What influences attachment style
Temperament
157
Do securely attached children have better cognitive functions?
Yes
158
focus on obedience, punishment over discipline
Authoritarian
159
a positive relationship, still enforce rules
Authoritative
160
No rules enforced for kids "Kids will be kids"
Permissive
161
little guidance or attention to kids
Uninvolved
162
Who is associated with the 3 rules of moral development
Lawrence Kohlberg
163
Limited understanding of morality
beyond bad → punishment and good →
reward
preconventional stage
164
which stage is childhood
Preconventional
165
Morals based on societal pressures &
norms
Want to be good and conform to status
quo
Conventional Stage
166
which stage is adolescence
Conventional
167
Morals are based on internal, abstract
principles irrespective of societal
expectations
Develop their own ethical principles that
reflect core values
Postconventional stage
168
which stage is adulthood
Postconventional
169
When does puberty occur
adolescence
170
What age does puberty typically occur (boys and girls)
girls- about 11
boys- about 13
171
bodily structures directly
involved in reproduction (changes to sex organs)
Primary Sex Characteristics
172
bodily structures not
directly involved in reproduction (facial hair, voice, breast size)
Secondary Sex Characteristics
173
At what stage does the frontal lobe really start to form
adolescence
174
These things can lead to risky behaviors, chronic health conditions, low life potential, and early death
Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACES)
175
- Developmental psychologist who studied personality & development across the lifespan
- Attempted to understand behavior from birth to death
- Proposed 8 stages of psychosocial development
Erik Erikson
176
STUDY ERIKS STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT GRAPH
177
What level of consciousness can you report your own mental state
Full Consciousness
178
Who studies attachment styles
Mary Ainsworth
179
