PSYCH EXAM 5!! Flashcards
(144 cards)
1
Q
introduced by B. F. Skinner
additional attention is given to the consequences of the behavior response
A
operant conditioning
2
Q
when the reinforcing stimulus increases the probability that the behavior will recur
A
positive reinforcement
3
Q
increasing the probability that a behavior will recur by removal of an undesirable reinforcing stimulus
A
negative reinforcement
4
Q
type of contingency contracting in which the reinforces for desired behaviors are presented in the form of tokens.
A
token economy
5
Q
is an aversive stimulus or punishment during which the client is removed from the environment where the unacceptable behavior is being exhibited
A
time-out
6
Q
is a technique for assisting individuals to overcome their fear of a phobic stimulus.
A
systematic desensitization
7
Q
is believed to produce results faster than systematic desensitization; however some therapists report more lasting behavioral changes with systematic desensitization.
A
flooding
8
Q
one of the basic principles of cognitive therapy is to prepare the client to eventually become his/her own?
A
cognitive therapist
9
Q
the therapist provides info to the client about what cognitive therapy is, how it works, and the structure of the cognitive process
A
didactic (educational) aspects
10
Q
strategies used in _____ therapy include recognizing and modifying automatic thoughts and recognizing and modifying schemas.
A
cognitive
11
Q
when socratic questioning does not produce the desired results, the therapist may choose to guide the client through ? in an effort to elicit automatic thoughts
A
imagery & role play
12
Q
this technique, one of the most frequently used methods of recognizing automatic thoughts, is taught to and discussed with the client in the therapy session
A
thought recording
13
Q
cognitions affect ?
A
behavior
14
Q
with this activity, clients are asked to keep a diary log of their activities on an hourly basis and rate each activity, for mastery and pleasure, on a 0-10 scale.
the schedule is then shared with the therapist and used to identify important areas needing concentration during therapy
A
activity scheduling
15
Q
this intervention is used with clients who are facing a situation that they perceive as overwhelming
A
graded task assignments
16
Q
somewhat akin to, and often used in conjunction with, cognitive rehearsal, this technique uses role-play to “rehearse” a modification of maladaptive behaviors that may be contributing to dysfunctional cognitions
A
behavioral rehearsal
17
Q
when dysfunctional cognitions have been recognized, ____ can occur by engaging in activities that redirect the client’s thinking and divert him or her from the intrusive thoughts or depressive rumination that are contributing to the maladaptive responses
A
distraction
18
Q
relaxation exercises, assertiveness training, role modeling, and social skills training are additional types of behavioral interventions that are used in cognitive therapy to assist clients to modify dysfunctional congitions
A
miscellaneous techniques
19
Q
a “disorder with onset during the developmental period that includes both intellectual and adaptive functioning deficits in conceptual, social, and practical domains.”
A
intellectual disability
20
Q
genetic factors implicated as the cause of intellectual disability
A
tay-sachs disease, PKU, & hyperglycinemia
down syndrome & klinefelter’s syndrome
21
Q
occurrences during pregnancy that can cause intellectual s
A
fetal malnutrition viral infections prematurity placenta previa prolapse of the umbilical cord
22
Q
the degree of severity of intellectual disability may be measured by?
A
the client’s IQ level
23
Q
capable of independent living, with assistance during times of stress
A
mild (50-70)
24
Q
can perform some activities independently. requires supervision
A
moderate (35-49)
25
may be trained in elementary hygiene skills. requires complete supervision
severe (20-34)
26
no capacity for independent functioning. requires constant aid and supervision
profound (below 20)
27
6th grade level.
as adult can achieve vocational skills for minimal self-support
mild
28
2nd grade level.
as adult may be able to contribute to own support in sheltered workshop
moderate
29
unable to benefit from academic or vocational training.
profits from systemic habit training
severe
30
unable to profit from academic of vocational training.
may respond to minimal training in self-help if presented in the close context of a one-to-one relationship.
profound
31
a disorder that is characterized by impairment in social interaction skills and interpersonal communication and a restricted repertoire of activities and interests
autism spectrum disorder
32
is characterized by a withdrawal of the child into the self and into a fantasy world of his/her own creation
ASD
33
ASD is more often in?
boys
34
imaging studies have revealed a number of alterations in major brain structures of individuals with ASD such as?
enlargement in temporal lobe
35
research has revealed strong evidence that ___ factors play a significant role in the etiology of ASD
genetic
36
nursing dx for ASD
risk for self-mutiliation
impaired social interaction
impaired verbal communication
disturbed personal identity
37
the 2 meds the FDA has approved for ASD
risperidone (5-16) & aripiprazole (6-17 years)
38
risperidone side effects
```
drowsiness
mild to moderate increase in appetite
nasal congestion
fatigue
constipation
drooling
dizziness
weight gain
```
NO tardive dyskinesia
39
aripiprazole AE
```
sedation
fatigue
weight gain
vomiting
somnolence
tremor
```
40
the essential behavior pattern is one of inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity
ADHD
41
neurotransmitters involved in producing the symptoms associated with ADHD
dopamine
NE and
serotonin
42
is thought to play a role in the ability to perform executive functions, such as analysis and reasoning, and in the cognitive alertness essential for processing stimuli and sustaining attentition and thought
Norepinephrine
43
is thought to play a role in sensory filtering, memory, concentration, controlling emotions, locomotor activity, and reasoning
dopamine
44
appears to play a role in ADHD, although possibly less significant than norepinephrine and dopamine.
serotonin
45
It has been suggested that alterations in ______ may be related to the disinhibition and impulsivity observed in children with ADHD.
serotonin
46
may play a role in mood disorders, particularly depression, which is a common comorbid disorder associated with ADHD.
serotonin
47
intrauterine exposure to toxic substances, including _____ can produce effects on behavior.
alcohol
48
prenatal influences that may contribute to ADHD are?
prematurity or low birth weight
signs of fetal distress
precipitated or prolonged labor
perinatal asphyxia and low apgar scores
49
postnatal factors ADHD
cerebral palsy
seizures
other CNS abnormalities resulting from trauma, infections, or other neurological disorders
50
hyperactive children have difficulty forming ?
satisfactory interpersonal relationships
51
how are ADHD children in group endeavors>
disruptive and intrusive
52
ADHD children have difficulty complying with ?
social norms
53
have boundless energy, exhibiting excessive levels of activity, restlessness, and fidgeting
ADHD
54
are used to tx HTN
clonidine & guanfacine
55
restlessness and insomnia sx are common with
CNS stimulants
56
FDA has issued warnings associated with ? of the risk for sudden death in patients who have cardiovascular dx
CNS stimulants & atomoxetine
57
CNS stimulants, amoxetine & bupropion
anorexia and weight loss
58
potential for seizures with
bupropion
59
severe liver damage
atomoxetine
60
severe liver damage can manifest as?
itching, dark urine, R upper quad pain, yellow skin or eyes, sore throat, fever, malaise
61
is characterized by the presence of multiple minor tics and one or more vocal tics, which may appear simultaneously or at different periods during the illness
tourettte's disorder
62
are noted in 2/3rds of relatives of tourette's disorder clients
tics
63
abnormalites in levels of dopamine, serotonin, dynorphin, GABA, acetylcholine, and NE have been associated with?
tourette's disorder
64
structural factors associated with tourette's
dysfunction in the area of the basal ganglia
& smaller size of corpus callosum
65
touter's disorder may arise as a result as which of the following environmental factors?
postinfection autoimmune phenomenon induced by childhood streptococcal infection
66
motor tics include:
eye blinking
neck jerking
shoulder shrugging
facial grimacing
67
more complex motor tics include
```
squatting
hopping
skipping
tapping
retracing steps
```
68
vocal tics include
```
various words or sounds such as:
squaks
grunts
barks
sniffs
snorts
coughs
uttering of obscenities
```
69
repeating one's own sounds or words
palilalia
70
repeating what others say
echolalia
71
the conventional antipsychotics such as ___ and ___ have been approved by the FDA for control of tics
haloperidol and pimozide
72
is characterized by a persistent pattern of angry mood and defiant behavior that occurs more frequently than is usually observed in individuals of comparable age and developmental level, and interferes with social, educational, occupational, and other important areas of functioning
oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)
73
there is a repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms or rules are violated
conduct disorder
74
there is a higher male prominence among those with the child-onset subtype
conduct disorder
75
the use of tobacco, liquor, or non prescribed drugs, as well as the participation in sexual activities occurs ____ than at the expected age for the peer group
earlier
76
low self esteem is manifested as what in conduct disorder
"tough-guy"
77
what is common in conduct disorder children in school?
low academic achievement
| ADHD
78
diagnostic criteria for conduct disorder
aggression to people and animals
destruction of property
deceitfulness or theft
serious violations of rules
79
is characterized by excessive fear or anxiety concerning separation from those to whom the individual is attached
around age 5-6
separation anxiety disorder
80
separation anxiety disorder can be a precursor to ?
adult panic disorder
81
children who have been abused or witnessed abusive and violent parents are more likely to evolve into ?
abusive adults
82
american society essentially was founded on a general acceptance of ____ as a means of solving problems
violence
83
a pattern of coercive control founded on and supported by physical and/or sexual violence or threat of violence on an intimate partner
battering
84
the battered woman views her relationship as?
male dominant
85
as the _____ continues, her ability to see options available to her and to make decisions concerning her life decrease
battering
86
occurs when an individual comes to understand that regardless of his/her behavior the outcome is unpredictable and usually undesireable
learned helplessness
87
the cycle of battering phases
the tension building phase
the acute battering incident
calmn, loving, respite phase
88
during this phase the woman senses that the man's tolerance for frustration is declining.
He becomes angry with little provocation but, after out at her, may be quick to apologize.
the woman may become very nurturing and compliant, anticipating his every whim in an effort to prevent his anger from escalating
phase 1: the tension building phase
89
this phase is the most violent and the shortest, usually lasting up to 24 hours.
it most often begins with the batterer justifying his behavior to himself.
be the end of the incident, however, he cannot understand what has happened, only that in his rage he has lost control over his behavior.
wants to just "teach her a lesson"
phase 2: the acute battering incident
90
the batterer becomes extremely loving, kind and contrite.
he promises the abuse will never recur and begs for her forgiveness.
He believes he has "taught her a lesson" and she will not "act up" again.
phase 3: calm, loving, respite phase
91
why does she stay?
fear for their life and/or the lives of their children
powerlessness & sees no way out
92
reasons to stay
```
fear of retaliation
for the children
financial reasons
lack of support network
religious reasons
hopefulness
```
93
includes "any non accidental physical injury as a result of punching, beating, kicking, biting, shaking, throwing, stabbing, choking, hitting, burning, or any other method that is inflicted by a parent, caregiver, or other person who has responsibility for the child
physical abuse
94
is considered whether or not the caretaker intended to cause harm or even if the injury resulted from over-discipline or physical punishment
maltreatment
95
involves a pattern of behavior on the part of the parent or caretaker that results in serious impairment of the child's social, emotional, or intellectual functioning
emotional abuse
96
examples of emotional injury include:
```
belittling or rejecting the child
ignoring them
blaming the child for things they can't control
isolating the child
harsh inconsistent discipline
```
97
in which a child is induced or coerced into engaging in sexually explicit conduct for the purpose of promoting any performance, and child abuse, in which a child is being used for the sexual pleasure of an adult.
sexual exploitation of a child
98
which of the following are CNS stimulants
dextroamphetamine
methylphenidate
lisdexamfetamine
99
buproprion (wellbutrin) excess amt of medication
seizure activity
100
what needs to be monitored on a client taking amphetamine mixtures (adderall)
height and weight need to be monitored
101
for a family whose child has started on a stimulant for ADHD, teaching would include:
keeping the medication hidden from others who might steal it for abuse
102
CNS stimulants will increase the levels of which neurotransmitter that are associated with concentration, memory, pleasure, and movement?
dopamine
103
pimozide has been approved by the FDA to treat symptoms associated with which of these disorders
tourette's disorder
104
a nurse is teaching an adolescent client about his new prescription for imipramine which of the following are adverse effects of this medication?
constipation
dry mouth
urinary hesitancy
photophobia
105
which medication is contraindicated in client with narrow angle glaucoma?
atomxetine
106
TCA toxicity includes which of the following symptoms?
dysrhythmias
agitation
mental confusion
seizures
107
which of the following are indications of liver damage which needs to be reported to the physician immediatley
sore throat
fever
yellow skin
itching
108
no capacity for independent functioning. IQ below 20
profound IDD
109
violates the rights of others and societal norms and rules. displays physical aggression and inability to control anger
conduct disorder
110
negativitistic and defiant behavior including obstinacy, procrastination, disobedience, resistance to change and authority
oppositional defiant disorder
111
may be trained in elementary hygiene skills. requires complete supervision. IQ 20-34
severe IDD
112
withdrawal of the child into the self and into a fantasy world of his/her own creation
autism spectrum disorder
113
developmentally inappropriate degrees of inattention, impulsiveness, hyperactivity,
attentition-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
114
screams and throws temper tantrums at anticipated separation from mother.
fear of harm to self or mother
separation anxiety disorder
115
is capable of developing social skills and independent living with assistance. IQ 50-70
mild intellectual developmental disorder (IDD)
116
presence of multiple motor tics and one or more vocal tics
tourette's disorder
117
capable of academic skill to second grade level. IQ 35-49
moderate IDD
118
profanity with language
coprolalia
119
contains the appetite regulation center within the brain
hypothalamus
120
unable to respond and identify body cues
interoceptive deficits
121
naming and expressing emotions
alexithymia
122
poor boundaries, discourage individuality and direct expression of feelings
enmeshment
123
is more prevalent than anorexia nervosa, with estimates up to 4% of young women
bulimia nervosa
124
anorexia nervosa is what %
1
125
the onset occurs in late adolescence or early adulthood
occurs primarily is societies that emphasize thinness
bulimia nervosa
126
obesity = BMI of ?
30 or greater
127
is more common among sisters and mothers of those with the disorder that it is among the general population
anorexia nervosa
128
bulimia nervosa may be associated with the neurotransmitters?
serotonin & NE
129
may be associated with high levels of endogenous opioids
anorexia nervosa
130
AN is characterize by a morbid fear of ?
gaining weight
131
symptoms of AN include gross _____ of body image, preoccupation with food, and refusal to eat
distortions
132
weight loss in AN is ___ usually more than 15% of expected weight
extreme!
133
other sx of AN
```
hypothermia
bradycardia
hypotension
edema
lanugo
variety of metabolic changes
```
134
is typical and may even precede significant weight loss
amenorrhea
135
their be an obsession with ___ with AN
food
136
feelings of what are common with AN?
depression & anxiety
137
is an episodic, uncontrolled, compulsive, rapid ingestion of large quantities of food over a short period.
followed by inappropriate compensatory behaviors to rid the body of the excess calories
bulimia nervosa
138
what may also occur with BN
fasting or excessive exercise
139
depression, anxiety, and substance abuse are not uncommon with?
BN
140
excessive vomiting and laxative or diuretic use may lead to problems with?
dehydration and electrolyte imbalances
141
the sick child becomes the problem, and the focus on the conflict is _____
diverted
142
eating disorder is seen as a way to ?
gain control
143
an eating disorder that can lead to obesity
binge eating disorder
144
BED differs from BN in that the individual
doesn't puke
