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Psych, Chem & Hist > ㅤPsych Research Methods > Flashcards

ㅤPsych Research Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

participant variable

A

e.v specific to the participants of an investigation

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2
Q

situational variable

A

e.v present in the environment of the study

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3
Q

e.v

A

isnt controlled, which could affect the results of the study

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4
Q

independent variable

A

manipulated directly by the reseacher

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5
Q

dependent variable

A

being measured

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6
Q

confounding variable

A

e.v that affects the results of the study so that the effect of the i.v isnt fully seen

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7
Q

counter balancing

A

cancels the order effect on d.v

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8
Q

randomization

A

eliminates the selection bias, balances the confounding variables

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9
Q

single blind technique

A

aim of the research is hidden from the participants

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10
Q

double blind technique

A

aim of the research is hidden from the researcher and participants

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11
Q

null hypothesis

A

predicts that the results will have very little/no effect

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12
Q

alternative hypothesis

A

prediction of the outcome of a study based on what is expected to happen

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13
Q

directional hypothesis

A

predicts the direction the results will go in

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14
Q

non-directional hypothesis

A

predicts that a difference will be found but doesnt specify

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15
Q

experimental hypothesis

A

used in field and lab experiments

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16
Q

target population

A

group of people that an investigation is concerned with

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17
Q

random sampling

A

target population should be identified, all with an equal chance of being selected

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18
Q

generalisability

A

extent to which the results of a study represents the whole population

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19
Q

stratified sampling

A

identifies and randomly samples individuals from the subgroups of the target population to ensure proportionate representation

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20
Q

volunteer sampling

A

gathering a sample of participants who are willing to volunteer themselves for the study

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21
Q

opportunity sampling

A

makes use of the people around at the time of the study

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22
Q

order effect

A

when participants improve/worsen in the second condition because thyre fatigued

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23
Q

research design

A

how participants are allocated to the conditions of a study

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24
Q

experimental design

A

when used in an experiment

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25
demand characteristics
when the participants alter their behaviour in response to the perceived aims of the investigation
26
independent measures design
participants split into groups with each group tested in only one condition of a study
27
repeated measures design
same participants used in all the study conditions
28
reliabilty
consistency of an outcome/result of an investigation
29
validity
whether the test measures what was intened
30
internal validity
whether the measures used in a test genuinely test what they were designed to
31
external validity
whether the finding are generalisable to the taget population
32
ecological validity
the extent to which the findings still explain the behaviour in real-life situations
33
qualitative methods
emphasis of the research is on gathering lots of detailed information
34
quantitative methods
enquiry starting with a hypothesis to test a theory
35
ethical issues
when the researcher doesnt follow rules when carrying out research to protect participants from harm
36
ethics (WCDDPPC)
Withdraw Consent (parental & informed) Deception Debrief (after deception &/ no informed consent) Protection from harm Privacy (participant details) Confidentiality (data collected)
37
Experiments
Lab, field & natural
38
interviews
designed to gather self reported info from participants Structured, semi-structured and unstructured
39
questionnaire
self report technique that investigates peoples beliefs, opinions and attitudes first hand close ended & open ended
40
case study
in depth investigation into one person or a group of people
41
correlation
looks for relationships between variables positive & negative
42
BPS code of human ethics
Respect for the autonomy, privacy and dignity of individuals and communities scientific integrity social responsibility maximizing benefit & minimizing harm
43
Respect for the autonomy, privacy and dignity of individuals and communities
researchers must respect age, ability, gender, sexuality, religion and culture.
44
Scientific integrity
well-designed research must be conducted, and no misleading findings should be claimed
45
social responsibility
beneficial findings that aid communities and organizations must be produced
46
Maximising benefit and minimizing harm
participants shouldn't be placed in any situation that they wouldn't usually encounter.
47
observation
simply watch and observe what people do in certain situations naturalistic, controlled, overt, covert, participant & non-participant
48
Evaluation (GRAVEOS)
Generalisability Reliability applicability validity ethics objectivity subjectivity
49
Withdraw
Participants should be free to leave the study at any time.
50
Consent (parental & informed)
Should be informed whenever possible. If the participant is underage, parental consent is needed.
51
Deception
Avoid misleading participants unless absolutely necessary for the study’s purpose. If used, it must be ethically justified.
52
Debrief (after deception &/ no informed consent)
Must occur after the study, especially when deception or lack of informed consent was used. It explains the true aim and allows for full disclosure of the study and withdrawal of data.
53
Protection from harm
Participants must not be exposed to physical or psychological harm. Any potential distress must be minimized.
54
Privacy (participant details)
Refers to participant details and private behavior, especially in observations. Researchers must avoid intruding without permission.
55
Confidentiality (data collected)
Refers to data: Personal information and results must be kept private and anonymous, unless consent is given otherwise.
56
Generalisability (GRAVEOS)
Can the theory be applied to different people or situations, beyond the study sample?
57
Reliability (GRAVEOS)
Is the theory supported by consistent, replicable research?
58
Applicability (GRAVEOS)
Can the theory be applied practically in real-life situations (e.g., therapy, education)?
59
Validity (GRAVEOS)
Does the theory accurately explain what it sets out to explain? Does it measure what it claims to?
60
Ethics (GRAVEOS)
Does the theory adhere to ethical guidelines? Are the potential impacts on participants and society considered?
61
Objectivity (GRAVEOS)
Is the theory based on objective, unbiased evidence rather than personal opinions?
62
Subjectivity (GRAVEOS)
Does the theory involve personal interpretation or biases that could affect conclusions?

Psych, Chem & Hist (5 decks)

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