Psych Unit 11 and 12 Flashcards

Question

Schonfeld Study

Answer 1

found that both wives and husbands feelings of love for their spouse were positively coorelated with affectionate behaviors (ex: saying I love you) - wives who said they showed more affectionate behaviors that their husbands showed less negativity - husbands who reported more love for their wife initiated sex more and did more of the house work

Answer 2

3 styles: Lovers: - secure -- closeness is easy for them - avoidant -- closeness is hard for them - anxious-ambivalent -- insecure, desperately want closeness, but then partner pulls away from this - our attachment styles we have in relationships are from our childhood experiences - secure attachment at 12 months predicts more positive relationships at 21-23 - people can change their attachment styles when they form new experiences with new people (people can also go to therapy)

Answer 3

3 types of love: euros - love based on powerful physical attraction Ludos -- love is play, not serious commitment (maybe friends with benefits) - might have more than one lover - show little interest in improving their sexual technique - they think it's easier to get a new partner than to work out problems in the old relationship storge - love that builds slowly and is very stable, lasts thru crises - sex usally happens later on - stable love **when people have the same love style, they tend to have better relationship outcomes

Answer 4

2 parts: Physiological Arousal: - when you're around that person, you're hands get sweaty, you get butterflies in your stomach cognitive label (love): need to level that experience as love Misattribution of arousal -- when people think they're aroused but they have the physical symptoms of it but aren't actually aroused - ex: men after excersing were more likely to say they were aroused than men who didn't excersice Scary Bridge Study -- - people walked across a scary bridge vs a sturdy bridge - people on the scarier bridge were more likely to score higher on sexual energy (people who are scared might think they're aroused when they're really not bc they have the same physical symptoms)

Answer 5

passionate: intense, all-consuming, lasts 6-30 months (really being in love with someone) compassionate: deep attachment and committment following the passionate phase (more in long-term relationships) biochemicals: neurotransmitters are associated with the kinds of loves - passionate = dopamine to make us feel euphoric - compassionate = oxytocin to make us feel calm and pleasurable

Answer 6

Individualistic culture = priority is on the individual's goals over group goals ex: the US and Australia - like passionate love - decision made by the individual (choosing who to marry)

Answer 7

Collectivistic culture = priority is on group and collective goals over personal ones ex: Japan, India - arranged marriages for the good of the families; wisdom of parents

Answer 8

the individualistic cultures were less likely to say yes - the collectivistic cultures were more likely to say yes **a lot of this is changing bc western norms are infiltrating into diff culture thru the media ex: Swiss ppl who usually just go to courthouse to get married are having big weddings bc that's what ppl in the US do

Answer 9

3 parts - researchers came up with this to see the degree of love people have for each other in all 3 areas cognitive -- thoughts and evaluations about a romantic partner ex: can't control thoughts and constantly think about their partner emotional -- how people feel towards a romantic partner ex: I am attracted to... behavioral -- what people do for or in response to a romantic partner ex: I feel happy when I am doing things with ...

Answer 10

- being online forces you to focus on the person's interests and values (finding someone you have a lot more in common with before you even meet) - they marry faster than those who meet off-line

Answer 11

*part of Buss's theory - people are attracted to people with symmetrical faces

Answer 12

mania = love is an obsession - mix of ludos and eros ludos is associated with lower relationship satisfaction pragma = practical love - combines storge and ludos - the love grows over the years - this type of love has existed for centuries (ex: arranged marriages) agape = combo of storge and eros - it's altruistic, not demanding, not jealous, kind, and patient **eros and agape are associated with higher relationship satisfaction

Answer 13

neurons, neurotransmitters, and hormones are all involved - in female prairie roles, dopamine is released during mating - in female and male voles, dopamine increases the liklihood of pair-bonding - a lot of dopamine can increase energy and cravings - passionate love triggers the release of prolactin and oxytocin

Answer 14

4 parts: The autonomic nervous system - feeling hot and bothered motivation/reward system - motivates the sexual response the emotion system - pleasures of love cognitive system - increases in attention that stimulus if it is assessed as a loved one

Answer 15

when gender only has 2 categories: male and female

Answer 16

a set of norms or cultural expectations that define how people in their gender should behave men: expected to be ambitious, competitive, interested in math and cars, strong, not emotional women: expected to be passive, feminine, emotional, focused on how they look, kind, interested in caring for children

Answer 17

women are stereotyped as higher on communion than men - men are sterotyped higher on agency than women communion: warmth - refers to traits that describe concern and connectdness to others ex: warmth, kindness, agreeableness, nurturance agency: competency - traits that describe being an individial ex: access, status, leadership, assertiveness, competitiveness, effectiveness **these 2 ideas come from the Stereotype Content Model

Answer 18

- women tend to be perceived higher on warmth and lower on competence - men are percieved as lower in warmth and higher in competence **this has affects on the ways thy;re treated and the roles they're assigned to **this predicts outcomes from soical groups based on how they're percieved - social groups are stereotyped across communion and agency

Answer 19

men in the culture tend to be assigned the values that are valued more in that culture in the US = individualistic culture - we value independence - so, men are rated less collectivist than women in Korea = collectivistic culture - value collectivism more - men are less independent bc it's valued less there

Answer 20

gender roles also change depedning on factors like race and social class - white women are stereotyped differently based on their socioeconomic status ex: Trailer trash women - thought of as poor, promiscious, teen pregnancy, unhealthy ex: women of higher socioeconomic status - Kylie jenner got pregnant at 21 and ppl didn't judge her as much

Answer 21

stereotyped differently than white women (most of it is based on slavery) ex: The Mammy - fat, asexual caretaker or maid of the family ---- rooted in slavery bc they had to take care of the white children ex: The Sapphire - rude, loud, stubborn, sharp tounge ex: The Jezebel - promiscous and amoral, uses her body for power

Answer 22

asian women are the most sought after group but asian men are the least sought after group - asian women are fetishized and exoticized -- people think they're submissive history of this: there was a lot of trade with China and Japan - a white naval officer takes an asian wife and talks about how asian women would grovel for him, what they looked like - the story became very popular orgnaized prostitution: happened during the Korean and Vietnam wars - they experienced the asian women as submissive objects Porn of asian women

Answer 23

lots of discrimination against them - laws prevented them from owning homes (not masculine) - so they had to take on more feminine jobs like laundry Chinese immigrants were prevented from immigrating (Asian men couldn’t marry non-Asian women so they couldn’t marry or start families as much) - asian men aren't on TV as much *being unattracted to an entire race is sexual prejudice

Answer 24

sources: parents, peers, siblings, media, teachers - related to Social Learning Theory - kids learn about gender stereotypes really early on - teachers communicate gender roles early on too ex: gender is made clear to kids - kids are told to line up by girl, boy, girl, boy - kids don't line up by race *in the US, we feel comfortable to divide people by gender

Answer 25

gender tends to be studied by looking at differences - people like comparing 2 groups - we should study them bc gender differences exist - can help counter gender bias (ex: ppl who think math is only for boys) - reserachers can see where differences do or don't emege ex: certain classroom enviornments are set up for boys to learn math better than girls - differnces in gender don't have to suggest that women are inferior to men - not studying these differnces wouldn't teach us the experiences of marginalized groups

Answer 26

- studying the differences can reinforce gender stereotypes - exaggerates sex/gender differnces - assumes that gender is a quality people have not a role you play - ignores within group differences and non-binary people (usually this research is focused on men and women) *danger in forgetting similarities *most of this research shows that men and women are more alike than they are different

Answer 27

- 94% of men had masturbated at least once in their lives - 85% of women had masturbated at least once in their lives

Answer 28

- men are much more likely to watch porn than women women have mixed feelings about porn - they might be aroused by it but also repulsed by the way it portrays women - some women report watching amature porn more

Answer 29

men have more permissive attitudes towards casual sex than women - men are more likely to say yes to casual sex than women are research: they had researchers go on campus and ask randoms if they would have sex with them **results: the majority of men answered yes and all of the women said no - this study shows that men are more interested in casual sex than women

Answer 30

men consistently have more orgasms than women do - 91% of men and only 64% of women had an orgasm in their most recent sexual encounter - **this is part of heterosexual script -- the idea that men are expected to orgasm during sex - people tend to think the end of sex is when the man has an orgasm - lesbian women have a higher orgasm rate than straight women

Answer 31

- most women don't have an orgasm from intercourse - this is related to gender roles -- people are focused on others ex: in lesbian couples, they might be more focused on the other person having an orgasm) - men are stereotyped as the sexual intiators (they might choose the sexual activity that will make them have an orgasm) - women aren't supossed to enjoy sex - women's bodies are more complicated than men's bodies - women aren't supposed to say what they like in sex - masculinity means not caring about a woman's sexual pleasure

Answer 32

we research orgasms because it represents the peak of a sexual activity - it's easier to measure orgasms than feelings of arousal or pleasure - our culture focuses on orgamss and then orgasm gap Masters and Johnson: showed that women and men respond similarly to sexual stimulation

Answer 33

the ability to orgasm is viewed as a sign of health - not being able to orgasm is veiwed as dysfunction ***Fahs suggests that sexual liberation is the freedom to pursue sexual experiences and the freedom from pressures and expectations

Answer 34

Group 1= bogus pipeline - they were hooked up to a faker lie detector test and told it could detect false answers group 2= anonymous, put questionaires in a locked box group 3= exposure threat - the experimenter sat close to them and could see their answers - they looked to see the number of sexual partners reported results: - bogus pipeline condition= nearly idenitical number of sexual partners and the number they reported (bc they thought they would be caught lying) - exposure threat = largest gap between reported numbers - women reported less and men reported more - anonoymous = similar numbers reported

Answer 35

looked to see if the differences are real - she listed the common myths about sexuality and then tried ot debunk them - there aren't preferences for attractiveness or status between genders when considering a real partner eastwick and Finkel: they found that attractiveness status was equally important to men and women (in speed-dating and real-world relationships) - found that women and men desire the same amount of partners - men think about sex more than women do but they also think about physical needs (eating, sleeping) more than women do - women orgasm less often than men do (but difference is smaller in in committed relationships) - men like casual sex more than women do - women are choosier than men but only bc men are socialized to approach women more *when researchers reversed the approached roles, the men became choosier and the women became less choosy

Answer 36

anatomy - the penis is obvious (erection is obvious) hormones - higher testosterone levels in men usually - testosterone is related to sexual desire - humans are less affected by hormones than other animals and more affected by learning and gender roles

Answer 37

gender roles - men are sexual aggressors, women are sexually passive - double standard - body image issues

Answer 38

- pregnancy fears - women not masturbating (we don't encourage this) - ineffective sexual stimulation for women

Answer 39

considers the consequences of multiple group membership ex: being a woman and being Black - can't consider the affects of gender alone (also need to consider race)

Answer 40

largest minority acculturation = process of incorporating the beliefs and customs of a new culture - value family, support, and community - boys are given more freedom and expected to be sexual - girls are told to stay at home and be virgins - machismo and marianismo

Answer 41

- increased male dominance - have third gender "Manly hearted women" - a woman that is independent and aggressive "warrior women" - women that express masculine traits but live and dress as a woman

Answer 42

the ways that society tells us the norms and expectations for out behaviors - starts in childhood and continues into adulthood - gender socialization comes from many sources - children respond to stereotyped TV ex: the kids who watched the TV with commericals showing girls playing with girl toys and boys playing with the boy toys than picked the girl toys in real life

Answer 43

aggressiveness - men are usually more aggressive than women - men commit more violent crimes than women impulsive - men are more impulsive than women - this depends on the culture (in other cultures, women can be more impulsive than men) communication - girls communicate more than boys do - women can read others body language better than boys can

Answer 44

men are more aroused to erotic material than women are *both men and women showed higher arousal rates while watching sexual content than while watching neutral content *the men's arousal was much higher than the women's arousal *men are more aware of the physicological arousal than women are

Answer 45

men have higher sex drives than women - but men also think about food and sleep more than women (not just thinking about sex all of the time)

Answer 46

when the casual sex partner is believed to be good in bed, the interest between genders is reduced (men and women have little difference in saying no to casual sex when the person is believed to be good in bed)

Answer 47

The Bogus Pipeline Condition

Answer 48

Women's decreased neural sensitivity to tactile stimulation requiring more genital contact

Answer 49

Asian Americans are least likely to marry within their race

Psych Unit 11 and 12 Flashcards

(73 cards)