Psych Unit 20 and Epilogue Flashcards

Question

Eisenstdat v. Baird

Answer 1

court said it was illegal for the gov. to intrude into matters of married or single people to have a child or not

Answer 2

Big Love and Sister Wives (TV shows) created awareness for polygamy - the stars of Sister Wives (TV show) sued Utah to try to legalize polygamy - the judge said that prohibiting polygamy is constitutional

Answer 3

Prior (Alabama) - US District court ruled that Alabama law was unconstitutional (the law didn't allow the distribution of sex toys)

Answer 4

the argument is that when an act doesn't legally harm anyone or doesn't hurt the victim, it can't be reasonably defined as a crime - nations are moving away from the view that laws should protect the family and encourage procreation - they're moving toward an individualistic view that encourages consenual sexual activity but prohibits harm to a person

Answer 5

police efforts to stop prostitution are ineffective and expensive - lots of discrimination from the police officers 2 approaches: 1. the gender inequality approach assumes that prostitution is sexual exploitation of women by men (assumed that all female sex workers are victims of sex trafficking) - Sweden passed strict laws trying to get rid of prostitution 2. social inequality method is the idea that prostitution happens bc of social inequality in race, gender, and social class - there is a risk of exploitation for sex work, but some people do it voluntarily - they think it's best to partially or completely legalize prostitution and treat it as a real job

Answer 6

- a Rhode Island judge decriminalized prostitution (after that, gonorrhea cases decreased) *the findings show that decriminalizing prostitution would decrease the spread of STIs continuum of consent - some ppl are coerced into sex work and some want to do it voluntarily

Answer 7

a lot of ppl in the US find porn offensive and want it to be suppressed - porn might be soft-core (suggestive) or hard core (involves explicit depiction of genitalia) - porn has never been illegal but obscenity is (foul, disgusting, or lewd --- used as a legal term for what is offensive)

Answer 8

supreme court case - ruled that child pornography is not protected by the constitution - the decision helped states protect children from abuse

Answer 9

sale thru zoning - restrictive zoning has expanded to other cirminal activity including sex - this has been used to protect kids against sex offenders

Answer 10

this forbids the fed. gov. from spending money on abortions under most circumstances (passed again and again) - poor women have been denied abortions bc they can't pay for it - title 10 denies funding for organizations that oppose abortion

Answer 11

parental consent: a minor has to notify her parents or a wife has to notify her husband (struck down that women have to notify husbands) of getting an abortion - this causes minors to travel to get abortions give info: this makes it more unpleasant when states are required to give info - in some cases the info is wrong or biased make women have an ultrasound and force them to look and listen to fetus mandatory counseling and waiting period: this only makes women want to go to other states doctors giving abortions have to have privellages from the hospital

Answer 12

this amendment if passed would prohibit all abortions

Answer 13

legally prohibit certain types of abortions - make it so abortion isn't recognized as a medical procedure (WTF!!!)

Answer 14

- picketing and engaging in civil disobediance outside an abortion clinic - some ppl have bombed clinics where abortions are preformed - fed. gov. has made it a crime to use violence or threaten violence to a reproductive service provider (ex: Planned parenthood)

Answer 15

these centers advertise messages about being pregnant - they attract women who are pregnant but might be considering an abortion - sometimes they provide medical testing - they give false info and tell ppl that abortion is a very dangerous procedure *California passed FACT (requires healthcare facilities to place a note that california has programs for them (wants women to know they have options like abortion)

Answer 16

the Model Act addresses many issues like informed consent, privacy, embryo transfer - these techs are hard bc some require a third party (ex: sperm or egg donor) - in some procedures, embroyos are made outside of the body Surrogacy contracts: - between the person being the surrogate and parents to make sure the surrogate will give them the kid after birth

Answer 17

- sex is a big part of our lives - Sex shapes the way that we dress, talk to each other, who we marry, the taxes we pay, the social events we attend, why we go to the doctor Sex plays one of the most important roles in behavior, development, and social interaction

Answer 18

- There is still a lot of silence and controversy on educating young people about sex in the US - In the US, we have a conservative idea about sex which limits sexual education

Answer 19

teaches students to wait until their married to have sex - they teach abstinence-as the only way to prevent pregnancy and STIs - might learn basic mechanics of sex but not typical to teach about birth control or disease prevention curriculum: sex respect - federally funded program that abstinence only is the only moral approach

Answer 20

teaches students the mechanics of sex and basics of condoms, birth control, and STIs - Can often make sex sound scary

Answer 21

tries to address the health and emotional concerns that come up when ppl think abt sex - learn about birth control and STIs, but also how to communicate (sexual negotiation and pleasure) - Also talk about the roles of gender and power in sexual relationships - Might take about gender and power shaping gender identities - Doesn’t teach info on sex about people who are marganlized genders - Says that sexuality is normal and part of life *they use social learning theory (they do role-playing activities)

Answer 22

we can look at how puritans have influenced sex today 1981: Congress passed the Adolescent Family Life Act (funds abstience only education) - there was a lot of panic abt teen pregnancy bc the rates were really high - a lot of abstinence-only programs were connected to religious groups - the ACLU sued in 1983 bc it said that they violated the separation of church and state 1986: Welfare Reform resulted in 50$ million in funding for abstience-only education 2000: Congress created community-based abstinence education program which granted millions of dollars to abstinence-only education 2017: Obama cut abstinence-only education funding and increased funding for comprehnesive sex education 2018: trump put funding back to abstience-only education

Answer 23

as funding for abstinence-only education increased, fewer teens learned about methods of birth control from formal sex ed sources - more ppl were taught to say no to sex without any info on birth control - they're not as sexually literate - the fed. gov. promotes abstinence-only education, but that doesn't mean that all programs are standardized (sex ed differs depending on what state you live in)

Answer 24

- Some states don’t require sex ed at all or HIV education - Some states don’t have to teach accurate info about HIV or sex ed - Some states require sexual education Ex: Illinois doesn’t require sex education but requires HIV education

Answer 25

most learn about physiological topics - contraception, STIs, and mensturation - this makes sex seem scary which likley promotes sex-negative ideas

Answer 26

most sexual education is just abstinence - a lot of sexual education is related to morality and religion study: 1/2 of respondents were taught that sex before marriage was immoral

Answer 27

- about 20% of adults said they learned something from sex ed that wasn't true - a lot of times they learn medically inaccurate info - young ppl don't really get to pick their sex ed (up to the schools, etc)

Answer 28

- gender expectations, sexism, and heterosexuality are communicated in these sexual education messages - tells us that abstincence only education is bad

Answer 29

looked and compared students that went thru abstinence-only education programs vs. students that didn't have any sex programs - they found that there was no difference in their sexual behavior - abstinence-only education either has negative effects or teaches them nothing at all

Answer 30

Students who only had abstinence only education were just as likely as those who had no sex ed to report a teen pregnancy - Those who had a comprehensive sex education were 2.5x less likley than those with no sex ed to report a teen pregnancy - Those who had comprehensive sex ed were 2x less likely than those with abstinence only sex ed to report teen pregnancy - Those who had abstiencne only and birth control sex ed were more likely to than those who had abstience only sex ed to use contraception

Answer 31

- young women recieve messages that limit their roles as temptress, good girl v. bad girl, and passive recipients of sex - sometimes teaches false info to scare ppl (ex: says that condoms fail a lot, but in reality they're very effective) - paints women as in need of protection from men's aggressive sexuality lessons matter for health outcomes: - endorsement for traditional gender norms places adolescents at higher risk for unsafe sex - gender inequality places young women at higher risk for gender-based violence, STIs and unintended pregnancy results of this education: - no change in STI numbers, pregnancy rates, sexual activity - shows that this education is ineffective - associated with higher teen pregnancy rates

Answer 32

nearly 1 in 4 teens say they're gender non-conforming but sex ed doesn't include them - only 12 states require sex ed that involves info on sexual orientation - this can make gender minority ppl feel more isolated and excluded - bisexual and lesbian women who sex ed, say they're more likely to have unintended pregnancies than heterosexual women

Answer 33

a lot of comprehensive sex ed programs include gender and power in relationships - explain how harmful ideas of masculinity and femininity affect behaviors, right and coercion study: randomized controlled groups (best method for studies) - looked at programs that were not abstinence only - found positive effects for the prevention of STIs and unintended pregnancy if the sex ed specifically talked about power and gender in relationships

Answer 34

effective programs: - reduce risk-taking behaviors (ex: not wearing a condom) - based on theories of social learning - teach thru experntial learning - address media and other social influences encouraging risk-taking behaviors - reinforce clear values - enhance communication skills

Answer 35

- some research shows that is has positive effects - sexual minority ppl that get instruction about HIV instruction and LGBT inclusive sex ed are likely to report lower numbers of sexual partners, less substance abuse, less frequent recent sex - sex ed that is LGBT inclusive reduces homophobia, bullying, and increases allyship - lower rates of suicide attempts/suicide ideation ** a lot of this reserach is coorelational bc LGBTQ inclusive sex ed is rare

Answer 36

- they consitently find that the majority of adults in the US and Canada favor sex ed programs in school - one survey of US parents with kids (9-21 yrs old) found that 75% of them thought sex ed in middle school was important and 86% thought sex ed in high school was important ***most adults favor sex ed in schools

Answer 37

88% of parents with seventh and eighth graders thought that having a sex ed program in school makes it easier for them to talk to their kids at home about sex ed

Answer 38

interventions have been developed for parents to teach them accurate info about sexuality and communication study found that these programs were successful at improving parent-child sexual communication and increased child's condom use (not successful at delaying sexual activity) - programs were most successful if they involved both parents and the kid and if the program required 10+ hours

Answer 39

involves adolescent, parent, and healthcare professional - interventions happen at the doctor's office - the parent and kid get training and then go home to work on materials *these programs reduce condom-less sex and reduce STIs

Answer 40

children understand pregnancy and birth at a very young age - young kids might believe that a baby has always existed - by ages 7 or 8, kids have a deeper understanding of reproduction ***educators need to know the level of education their students have before teaching them things Goldman Study: 1982 - found that American kids were sexually illiterate - only 23% of american kids knew the genital difference between baby girls and boys and 60% of Australian kids knew the difference ***this study shows positive effects of sex ed

Answer 41

- kids ask questions like where do babies come from? - the sex ed curriculum has to address the questions from that age group - high school teachers agree that sex should start in early elementary school and progress from simple to complex

Answer 42

abstinence-only sex ed programs don't work and there is hundreds of millions of dollars spent funding them - Obama called to end federal funding for abstinence-only sex ed programs in 2015, congress put 75$ million into PREP (medically accurate sex ed programs) - but congress also extended funding for abstinence-only sex ed - many republicans also support education about birth control

Answer 43

- focused on disease prevention - want to debunk myths on about AIDS and STIs - usually short programs - these programs improve sexual knowledge a lot and more people want to use condoms

Answer 44

the teacher must be educated about sex ed and must be comfortable teaching it - had to be a good listener instructors were surveyed: given a list of 13 topics and asked to report which ones they teach - most were middle school teachers - professionally prepared teachers were more likely to teach 7 topics than teachers without this preperation - at least 1/3 of teachers who teach sex ed recieved no proper training in this topic

Answer 45

in some schools you can get condoms from the school nurse - data supports giving out condoms in schools - 55% of americans believe schools should provide condoms for students Roman Catholic Church: opposes these programs bc they disapprove of contraception (besides rhythm method) - some oppose giving out condoms because they think it will encourgae premarital sex *a study found that condom programs didn't increase sexual activity, but increased condom use for those that are already sexually active

Answer 46

sexuality means diff. things in diff. cultures - white cultures emphasize sex for reproduction and say that vaginal intercourse is the norm - other cultures think that sex offers pleasure ***sex ed must represent all of the cultures to be successful Black community: they have a program where they teach and celebrate sexuality ***culturally tailored programs have better outcomes when specifically tailored to a specific cultural group

Psych Unit 20 and Epilogue Flashcards

(70 cards)