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Psych 453 > Psych Unit 4 and 5 > Flashcards

Psych Unit 4 and 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Female Anatomy: External Structures - VULVA

A

external structure - whole outside structure of female genitalia
- misconceptions about what a vulva should look like (people wax, some people think the inner lips should be tucked in)
- these unrealistic images come from porn
- vulvas come in all shapes, sizes, colors

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2
Q

Female Anatomy: External Structures - the CLITORIS

A

central role for female sexual pleasure
- lots of nerve endings and very sensitive (most sensitive area)
- swells during stimulation
- can be erect like the penis
- no known reproductive purpose (only for pleasure)

clitoris structure:
- tips = glans clitoris
- corpora cavernosa = spongy like structures on the sides of the vagina
- 2 vestibular bulbs

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3
Q

Myths about Female Orgasm

A
  • most female orgasm from penetration alone
  • vaginal orgasms are better than clitoris orgasms
  • vaginal orgasms mean the sex is more pleasurable

truths:
- most orgasms involve clitoris stimulation
- orgasm experiences are individualized and subjective

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4
Q

Female Anatomy: External Structures - The HYMEN

A

a thin membrane that partially covers the vaginal opening
- diff. types of hymens that vary in the degree of how much they cover the vaginal opening
- some people don’t have a hymen

imperforate hymen – the hymen covers the vaginal opening entirely

myth: presence or absence of the hymen tells us if someone is a virgin or not
- some people don’t have hymens and some people’s hymens have broken before having sex

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5
Q

Female Anatomy: Internal Structures - VAGINAL CANAL

A

extends upwards and connects with the cervix

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6
Q

Female Anatomy: Internal Structures - OVARIES

A
  • 2 of them
  • produces eggs
  • produces sex hormones (estrogen and testosterone)
  • eggs in the ovaries are covered in follicles
  • each period, the follicles burst and the eggs are released and travel down the fallopian tube
  • the fimbriae aren’t connected to the fallopian tubes, so sometimes the egg doesn’t make it through the fallopian tube = ectopic pregnancy
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7
Q

Female Anatomy: Internal Structures - SKENE’S GLAND

A

sometimes called the female prostate
- lies between the urethra and vaginal wall
- can be sensitive
- they may secrete a secretion
- sometimes called the G-Spot

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8
Q

Female Genital Cutting (FGC)

A

“female circumcision”
- used in around 30 countries
- usually performed on young girls
- can pose significant health risks

clitoridectomy - all or part of the clitoris is removed

infibulation - removal of the clitoral glans and inner lips

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9
Q

Genital Plastic Surgery

A

Labiaplasty - trimming of the inner lips

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10
Q

Male Anatomy: External Structures - PENIS

A

a tubular organ with a tip called the glans (head of the penis)
- urethra opening = hole at the top of the penis
– urine and sperm come out of the urethra opening
- corona = raised ridge of the end of the glans
- shaft = main part of the penis
- the tip/head is the most sensitive

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11
Q

Male Anatomy: External Structures - SCROTUM

A

loose pouch of skin that covers the testes
- 2 of these

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12
Q

Male Anatomy: External Structures - CORPORA CAVERNOSA

A

2 of these
- spongy bodies lying on top of the penis

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13
Q

Male Anatomy: External Structures - CORPUS SPONGIOSUM

A

at the bottom of the penis and the urethra runs through it
- during erection it looks like raised column

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14
Q

Male Anatomy: External Structures - TESTES

A

2 of them
- manufacture sperm and testosterone
- sperm is stored in the epididymis (connected to the testes)

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15
Q

Male Anatomy: External Structures - VAS DEFERENS

A

the tube that sperm travel through from the epididymis to exit the penis

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16
Q

Male Anatomy: External Structures - COWPER’S GLAND

A

secretes clear fluid that looks like droplets at the tip of the penis (pre-cum)
- sometimes there’s a rouge sperm in it that can cause pregnancy

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17
Q

Male Anatomy: External Structures - PROSTATE

A

secretes a milky fluid that is part of ejaculation

fluid = (mixes with the sperm from the testicles to make semen)

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18
Q

Male Anatomy: Internal Structures - Foreskin

A

an additional layer of skin that forms a covering over the gland
- common in US culture to remove the skin
- there is substance under the foreskin (smegma)
- you need to clean under the foreskin to avoid STIs and bad smells

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19
Q

Homologous Organs

A

all of these organs develop from the same source
- clitoris is homologous to the penis
- they both have 2 corpus cavernosa
- they both vary in size
- they both are erectile

males (glans penis) and females (glans clitoris)
males (scrotum) and females (outer lips)
males (testes) and females (ovaries)

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20
Q

What Determines a Person’s Sex?

A

biological sex is a product of chromosomes, genes, hormones, internal sex organs, and external genitalia

  • these factors usually align in a consistent manner to produce a biological male or female
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21
Q

Prenatal Period

A

time of conception before birth
- development occurs during this period and is determined based on chromosomes

humans have 2 categories of cells:
- somatic cells (organs, blood, bone and connective tissues)
- reproductive cells (sperm and eggs)

  • all cells have chromosomes
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22
Q

Chromosomes

A

a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and proteins found in the nucleus of most living cells
- carries genetic info in the form of genes
- sex chromosomes (2): they determine biological sex development

females = XX
males = XY

  • in each cell, one chromosome is an autosome (non-sex chromosome - eye color, height…)
  • the other chromosome is an allosome (sex chromosome)
  • each sperm cell contains either an X or Y chromosome
  • each egg always contains a X chromosome
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23
Q

How bodies develop to have female, male, or intersex genitals and characteristics

A

the egg must join with a sperm
- at the genetic level, males/females are determined by their chromosomes
- the X or Y chromosome is in the nucleus of the sperm

  • the egg has an X chromosome and the sperm has either 1 X or 1 Y which determines the biological sex of the fetus
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24
Q

Blastocyst

A

after fertilization, the cell starts dividing rapidly
- blastocyst = when there is the rapid cell division for about 5-6 days

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25
Embryo
the blastocyst is now considered an embryo once it is put into the uterine lining and the amniotic sac is formed - this happens around day 10-12
26
Prenatal Period and Sex Differentiation - up until week 7
the female and male embryos look the same in the beginning - at week 7, basic structures have formed that will become either the female or male reproductive systems at the 7th week the embryo has: - pair of gonads - 2 sects of ducts (Müllerian ducts and Wolffian ducts) - basic external genitals (the genital tubercule, the urethra, genital swelling)
27
Prenatal Period and Sex Differentiation - 7 week and on
- the sex chromosomes direct the gonads to begin sex differentiation - in males, the gonads develop into testes (wk 7) - in females, the gonads develop into ovaries (week 14) -
28
SRY Gene
located on the Y chromosome - determines whether the gonads will be testes or not - it causes a substance (testi-determining factor) TDF - if no SRY, then the gonads will develop as female (they will make ovaries)
29
The rest of Differentiation
once there are testes or ovaries, these start to produce sex hormones that direct the differentiation of the rest of the internal and external genital system in females -- the wolffian ducts degenerate, and the Mullerian ducts turn into fallopian tubes, the uterus and the upper part of the vagina in males -- the Mullerian ducts degenerate and the Wolffian ducts make up the epididymis, vas deferens, and seminal vesicles
30
Intersex: Caster Semenya
south african runner - born as intersex person - she's been criticized about which gender to compete in
31
Intersex Video
- bodies aren't clearly male or female - doctors often tell parents that something is wrong with their child and that they need to operate on them to "fix" their genitals -- the problem is that it's just cosmetic surgery and it can cause issues later
32
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)
an XX female develops ovaries as a fetus, but then a genetic factor produces an excess amount of androgens (sex hormones) - external genitals are partially or completely male (clitoris may be similar to a penis) *because of the external look of them looking male, doctors usually make them male *people who have CAH usually end up idenitifying as female
33
Androgen-Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS)
genetic males have typical levels of testosterone, but a genetic factor causes the body tissues to be insensitive to testosterone - prenatal development is female - they born with an external appearance of a vagina, but no uterus and undescended testes - they may be raised as girls or boys
34
Optimal Sex Policy
John Money -- developed this - he said the intersex infants should be socialized as either boys or girls so they can have a normal life - doctors usually recommend that they do surgery on them in the first 18 months - doctors tell the parents that something is wrong and want to make them look more normal - people are more and more against this
35
Hypothalamus
regulates the pituitary gland
36
Pituitary Gland
regulates glands including the testes and the ovaries - the boss of the endocrine system made up of 2 lobes: 1. anterior lobe -- interacts with the gonads (testes and ovaries) 2. posterior lobe **the hypothalamus, pituitary, and gonads work together to influence sexual behavior like pregnancy, puberty, menstrual cycle, and sexual behavior
37
Sex Hormones in Males
- the pituitary and the testes both produce hormones - the testes make testosterone (sex hormone that stimulates secondary sex characteristics -- beard growth, voice-deepening, genitals ability to produce sperm) the pituitary makes follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) **FSH controls sperm production ***LH controls testosterone production
38
Negative Feedback Loop in Males (HPG Axis)
the hypothalamus, pituitary, and testes operate in a negative feedback loop to maintain testosterone *when testosterone levels are too low (and we want them to be higher) the hypothalamus produces more GnRH and this tells the pituitary to to produce more LH which tells the testes to make more testosterone *when the testosterone levels are too high (and we want them to be lower) the hypothalamus reduces the amount of GnRH which tells the pituitary to produce less LH, which means the testes will produce less testosterone ***our bodies do this to maintain a balance
39
Sex Hormones in Females
the ovaries make estrogen and progesterone - estrogen brings changes in puberty and maintains the mucus in the vagina - estrogen and progesterone fluctuate in phases of period, pregnancy, and menopause *the pituitary hormones, LH and FSH, regulate estrogen and progesterone - similar negative feedback loop in females **think of furnace -- when the temp is too high, the AC comes on -- once it gets to the right temp, the AC turns off .. the cycle repeats once it gets too high again
40
Testosterone, Estrogen, and Progesterone
- estrogen and progesterone don't vary in adult males and females - males tend to have more testosterone than females
41
Testosterone and Steroid-Peptide Theory of Social Bonds
our social behaviors impact testosterone levels in ways that matter for social bonding - high testosterone = competition - low testosterone = nurturance - high oxytocin = social bonding - low oxytocin = social withdrawal
42
Evidence for S-P Theory
- babies crying have increased testosterone in men - women who want to do solo-sexual activities are linked with having higher T
43
The Menstrual Cycle
the cycle is regulated by the sex hormones that make changes in the ovaries and uterus (they're regulated by the HPG Axis)
44
Phases of the Cycle: Phase 4
Menstruation Phase - last phase -- counted as day 1 when you get your period - the shedding of the inner lining of the uterus (endometrium) which then passes out of the cervix and through the vagina - estrogen and progesterone = low - FSH levels rise **menstruation is triggered by the lowering of levels of estrogen and progesterone
45
Phases of the Cycle: Phase 1
Follicular Phase - 1st phase - the pituitary gland secretes high levels of FSH and this stimulates the follicles in the ovaries - the follicles bring the egg into the final stage of maturity - the follicles secrete estrogen - high levels of estrogen stimulate the uterine lining to grow, thicken, and form glands to nourish the embryo
46
Phases of the Cycle: Phase 2
Ovulation - 2nd phase - estrogen is at a very high level - because estrogen is so high, it stops FSH production - the high levels of estrogen make more GnRH which tells the pituitary to make more LH - the high levels of LH trigger the release of an egg
47
Phases of the Cycle: Phase 3
Luteal Phase - 3rd phase - the follicle turns into a glandular mass of cells called the corpus luteum - the corpus luteum produces progesterone which rises - high levels of progesterone inhibit LH, so the corpus luteum degenerates degeneration causes a decline in estrogen and progesterone - the low levels of estrogen and progesterone stimulate the pituitary to produce FSH
48
What Happens if the Egg is Fertilized?
if the egg is fertilized, it will arrive in the uterus about 6 days after ovulation - the corpus luteum continues to produce progesterone and estrogen for about 10-12 days - if no pregnancy, the hormone output declines - the uterine lining will then shed and the menstruation phase starts
49
Menstrual Fluid
it's made of blood from the endometrium shedding (uterine lining), degenerated cells, and mucus from the cervix and vagina - period come in different colors and textures - some people pass blood clots
50
Breast Cancer
most common cancer in women - 2 breast cancer genes: 1. BRCA 1 (chromosome 17) 2. BRCA 2 (chromosome 13) Having BRCA 1 and 2 increases the susceptibility to ovarian cancer 3 kinds of breast lumps: 1. cysts 2. fibroadenomas 3. malignant tumors
51
Cancer of the Cervix, Endometrium, and Ovaries
- most cervical cancer is caused by HPV - now there's an HPV vaccine and pap test
52
Cancer of the Prostate
- most common cancer in men - a number of genes contribute to prostate cancer and how aggressive it is
53
Pituitary Secretes 2 Other Hormones:
1. Prolactin - stimulates the secretion of milk by the mammatory glands 2. oxytocin stimulates the ejection of that milk from the nipples - stimulates contractions of the uterus during birth
54
Klinefelter's Syndrome
a genetic male has an extra X chromosome (XXY) - the testes are small - no sperm is produced - testosterone levels are low
55
Undescended Testes
one or both of the testes fail to move down into the scrotum by birth - condition can be fixed by surgery - if both testes don't descend = male is infertile
56
Epigenetics
epigenetics = a functional change to DNA that doesn't alter the genetic code but changes gene expression - usually involves methylation (methyl group added to DNA base) - prenatal social differentiation of the brain also involves epigenetic factors that can lead to a gene being expressed or silenced ex: exercise can turn on a gene
57
8 Variables in Gender
1. chromosomal gender (XX or XY) 2. Gonadal gender (ovaries and testes) 3a. prenatal hormonal gender 3b. prenatal and neonatal brain differentiation 4. internal organs 5. external genital appearance 6. pubertal hormonal gender 7. gender assigned at birth 8. gender identity
58
Basal Body Temperature
temperature fluctuates throughout the cycle - during ovulation it rises - progesterone raises the temperature
59
Amenorrhea
absence of menstruation causes = hormonal imbalances, pregnancy, disease, stress, tumors
60
Endometriosis
when the lining of the uterus grows in a place other than the uterus - usually causes long, painful periods
61
Dysmenorrhea
painful menstruation - most common problem
62
Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)
when a woman has bad psychological and physical symptoms before period - not a medical term

Psych 453 (17 decks)

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