Psych1004 (Biology) Flashcards
(131 cards)
1
Q
Psychology def
A
Study of behaviour and mental processes
2
Q
Neuroscience def
A
Study of nervous system
3
Q
Five perspectives of psychology
A
dedma
1. describing the behaviour (structural or functional)
2. evolution of the behaviour
3. Development of the behaviour
4. Mechanisms of the behaviour
5. Application of biological psychology
4
Q
Difference between structural and functional definitions
A
Structural - What is it
Functional - how does it work
5
Q
three approaches of biological psychology
A
- Somatic intervention (manipulating body structure to change behaviour)
- Behaviour intervention (manipulating behaviour to change body structure)
- Correlation (correlation between body structure and behaviour
6
Q
Levels of analysis of biological psychology
A
MSCCBSOS
- molecules
- synapses
- cells
- circuits
- brain regions
- systems
- organ
- social
7
Q
Biological explanations for behaviour
A
- psychological
- ontogenetic (how you grow overtime)
- evolutionary
- functional
8
Q
Two types of nervous systems
A
- Central nervous system
- Brain and spinal cord
- receives, processes and responds to input - Peripheral nervous system
- Outside brain and spinal cord
- Carry out command
- two Sub-systems
9
Q
Two sub-systems of peripheral nervous system
A
- somatic nervous system
- Autonomic nervous system
10
Q
Two types of cells
A
- Neurons - Send messages over body
- Glia - support cells for neurons
11
Q
Neurons 4 structures
A
DSAT
1. Dendrites
- recieves information from other neurons and sends to soma
2. Soma
- maintains health and metabolism and sends information to axon
- contains nucleas, ribosomes, mitochondira
3. Axon
- sends infor to other neurons
- Has Myelin sheath for effiecient conduction
4. Terminal buttons
- send info to other neurons via synapse
12
Q
Myelin sheath def
A
fatty layer wrapping around axon increasing pace of communication
13
Q
synapse def
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the connection point between two neurons
14
Q
Afferent Axon def
A
Brings information into structure
15
Q
Efferent axon
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carries information away from structure
16
Q
Interneuron
A
connects neurons with the central nervous system
17
Q
different shapes and sizes of neurons
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PUB
- Unipolar
- bipolar
- Purkinje
18
Q
5 Types of Glia
A
RAMOS
1. Astrocyte - provides nutrients to neurons
2. Microglia - brain defense system
3. Oligendrocytes - forms myelin sheath
4. Schwann cells - form myelin sheath and help repair damaged nerves
5. Radial - scaffolding for newly formed neurons
19
Q
Membrane abilities
A
maintains electrical polarisation between inside and outside of cell
20
Q
Resting potential
A
voltage difference between inside and outside of neurons
21
Q
Ionic concentration
A
- higher K+ inside neuron
- higher NA+ outside neuron
22
Q
K+ and NA+
A
K = Potassium ions
NA = Sodium ions
23
Q
Sodium potassium pump
A
Closes sodium and potassium channels by pulling 3 NA+ in and 2 K+ out
24
Q
Electrical gradient
A
- Na+ attracted to negative charge inside neuron
- K+ attracted to negative charge outside neuron
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Chemical gradient
Distribution of ions across membrane
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Action potentials
sent by axons to cause a rapid temporary change to behaviour
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All or non phenomenon
1. Rising (rapid depolarisation/NA+ channels open)
2. Peak (Na+ channels close)
3. Falling (repolarisation/K+ channels open)
4. Undershoot (Hyperpolarisation/return to resting potential)
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Propagation
SDA
Action potential travelling across membrane of a neuron
1. Signal
- soma end of axon becomes depolarised
2. Depolarisation spread down axon
3. Action potential travels down axon
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Nodes of Ranvier def
Gaps in myelin sheath
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Speed of action potential
myelinated axon is 15 quicker than unmyelinated axom
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pre-synaptic neuron
Neuron that delivers synaptic transmission
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Post-synaptic neuron
neuron stimulated by events at synapse
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Neurotransmitters
Chemicals defused across the synapse
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Process of communication within the body
1. synthesis neurotransmitters and stores in terminal buttons
2. Exocytosis - action potential arrives at terminal buttons
3. Neurotransmitters bind to receptors
4. Neurotransmitters seperate from post-synaptic neuron
5. Neurotransmitters reabsorb pre-synaptic neuron
6. post-synaptic neurons release retrograde neurotransmitters
7. negative feedback respond to neurontransmitters
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Types of neurotransmitter receptors
1. Ionotropic receptors
- receptor binding opens ion channels
- directly impacts membrane
- rapid yet short duration
2. Metabotropic receptors
- activate inracellular messenger without opening channels
- slower yet longer lasting
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Types of neurotransmitters
ammnpg
1. Amino acids
2. modified amino acids
3. monoamines
4. neuropeptides
5. purines
6. gases
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Dales principle
- Neuron only release one type of neurotansmitter
- Typical neuron usually have more than one type of receptor
- different neurotransmitters cause different effects
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Glutamate
excitatory neurotransmitter
- Causes exciting post-synaptic potential (more likely to fire action potential)
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GABA
Inhibitory neurotransmitter
- causes inhibitory post synaptic potential
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spatial summation vs temporal summation
spatial - summing potentials that arrive at different synapse
Temporal - summing potential that arrive at same synapse (different time)
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summing potential
determines whether a neuron will fire an action potential or not
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Neurotransmitters vs neuromodulators
1. Neurotransmitters:
- stored and released in pre-synaptic neuron
- transmit signals across a synapse
2. Neuromodulators
- change the effectiveness of a neurotransmitters but cannot send signals
43
Drugs work in 3 ways
1. increase/decrease synthesis of neurotransmitters
2. increase/decrease release of neurontransmiters
3. Activate or block receptors that respond to neurotransmitters
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Agonist def
Drugs that mimic or increase effect of neurotransmitters
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Antagonist def
drugs that block effect of neurotransmitters
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Inverse agonist def
drugs that decrease effect of neurotransmitters
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Inverse antagonist
drugs that activate effect of neurotransmitters
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Direct drugs
drugs that bind to neurotransmitter receptor
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Indirect drugs
drugs that do not bind to neurotransmitter receptor
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Neuroanatomy
Structure of the nervous system
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Sensory nerves vs motor nerves
1. Sensory nerves - brain to body
2. motor nerves - body to brain
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Autonomic nervous system 2 (autonomic movement systems)
1. Sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight
2. Parasympathetic nervous system (Rest and digest
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Parts of the brain
APSLIM
- Anterior: front of brain
- Posterior: back of brain
- Superior: above another part
- Interior: below another part
- Lateral: toward the side
- Medial: toward the middle
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Ways of seeing brain
1. Coronal plane: seen from the front (or back)
2. Sagittal plane: seen from the side
3. Horizontal plane: seen from above (or below)
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location in the brain
- Proximal: closely located, or nearby
- Distal: distantly located, or far away
- Ipsilateral: on same side
- Contralateral: on opposite side
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Forebrain
- prominent part of brain
- two hemispheres
- contains limbic system
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Limbic system function
regulate emotions
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Midbrain function
Responsible for movement of the body and hand eye-coordination
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Hindbrain function
Basic life-sustaining functions:
- breathing
- heart rate
etc.
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Parts of Hindbrain
1. Pons
2. Cerebellum
3. Medulla (controls vital reflexes through cranial nerves)
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cranial nerve function
responsible for all the senses
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Ventricles
responsible for moving fluid throughout the brain
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cerebral cortex
outer layer of brain that used for thinking
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4 lobes of the cerebral cortex
1. Occipital lobe (vision)
2. Parietal lobe (sensory/touch)
3. Temporal love (speech and listening)
4. frontal lobe (problem solving and decision making)
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Stages of neural growth
NMDMSP
1. Neurogenesis (production of new cells)
2. migration (movement of neurons)
3. differentiation (growing axon and dendrite)
4. Myelination (forms spinal cord and brain)
5. Synaptogenesis (formation of synapsis)
6. Pruning (getting rid of useless neurons and synpase)
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Things that make brain development vulnerable
1. malnutrition
2. infection
3. alcohol
4. stress/violence in childhood
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Neuroplasticity def
The nervous system changing it activity due to brain damage by reorganising structure
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Three sensory systems
1. vision
2. Audition
3. Touch
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Perception def
Not a sensation rather an interpretation
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Weber-Fechner Law
The more intense original perception dictates the intensity to notice change
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Moving from stimulus to perception
1. Stimulus
2. Transduction
3. Transmission
4. Cerebral cortex
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two types of field of view
Binocular field: centre of visual field seen by both eyes
Monocular field: Periphery of visual field seen by one eye
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The parts of the EYE
1. Cornea - clear outer layer
2. Pupil - adjust opening in iris
3. Iris - coloured part of eye
4. Lens
5. Vitreous humour
6. Retina
7. Fovea
8. Macula
9. Optic Nerve
74
Photoreceptors
1. Rods
2. Cones
3. Colour Vision
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Trichromatic theory
Humans perceive colours based on 3 types of receptors/cones
1. short-Wavelength cones - Blue part
2. medium-Wavelength cones - Green part
3. Long-Wavelength cones - Red part
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Retinex theory
we perceive colour across different lighting conditions
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Ventral and Dorsal path
1. Ventral (what) path
- processes information like shapes, faces, complex objects
2. Dorsal (where) path
- Spatial awareness, movement detection, and how objects interact with each other
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parts of Sound/ear
PLEA
1. Pitch - frequency of sound
2. Loudness - intensity or volume of sound
3. Ear structure - captures sound and make electrical signals out of them
4. Auditory pathway
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Ear structure (3)
OMI
1. outer ear - capture sound waves
2. middle ear - transmits sound vibrations
3. Inner ear - converts sound vibrations into electrical systems
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Cochlear nucleus
initial sound processing occurs
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Superior olivary complex
Sound localisation
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lateral lemniscus
sends information from brainstem to the inferior colliculus
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Primary auditory cortex function
initial processing of information
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tonotopic maps function
brain categorises information based on pitch
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Sound localisation def
determine where the sound is coming from
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The vestibular system function
in the inner ear it coordinates with vision in order to be stable to hear sound properly
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Parts of somatosensation and def
Maintain body posture and coordinating movement
TTPP
1. Touch
2. Temperature
3. Pain
4. Proprioception - awareness and information of the body position and movement
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Processing pathways for somatosensation
1. Spinal cord to brain
2. Somatosensory Cortex
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Skeletal muscles
voluntary movements attached to the skeleton
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Smooth muscles
found in organs involuntary movements
91
Cardiac muscles
Control the hearts and is involuntary
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Fast and slow muscle
Slow twitch (Type I) muscle
- endurance activities
- contract slowly
- produce less force
- rely on aerobic metabolism
Fast twitch (Type II) muscle
- high-intensity activities
- contract quickly
- Produce more force
- Rely on anaerobic metabolism
93
Aerobic vs anaerobic metabolism
Aerobic - uses oxygen to produce energy
Anaerobic - doesn't use oxygen to produce energy
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Primary motor cortex
controls the execution of voluntary movement
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Premotor cortex
Planning externally guided movements
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Supplementary motor area
planning complex guided movements
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Basal ganglia
learning and remembering skills
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Cerebellum
Contains majority of neurons and is responsible for a wide range of functions
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Posterior Parietal cortex
combines visual and auditory to help plan complex goal directed actions
100
Sensorimotor theory
Perception is:
- linked with action
- not passive
- actively influences how people interacts with their environment
101
social brain hypothesis
That the development of the brain dictates the complexity of social interactions
102
Sleep is important for
- energy balance
- Hormonal regulation
- Immune function
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Types of sleep
1. Slow wave sleep (conserves energy and repairs tissue and muscle)
2. Rapid Eye movement (REM) sleep (emotional regulation)
3. Circadian clock (regulates sleep-wake cycles with day and night)
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Why do we dream
- manifesting desires and anxieties
- emotional regulation
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Activation-synthesis hypothesis
dream attempt to make sense of random neural activity and they have no meaning
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Memory consolidation hypothesis
Dreaming is part of memory consolidation
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Biological perspective of mental illness
- Neurochemical imbalances
- brain structure and function
- Genetic factors
- Environmental factors
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Biological outcomes of mental illness
- Neuroplasticity
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Psychological dependence
Mental processes that lead to craving for drug
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Physiological dependence
When the drug has adapted to the presence of the drug
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Mesolimbic reward pathway
the brains reward system and how we remember rewards from certain stimuli e.g. drugs
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Relevance of reward pathways
- initial positive perspective of drug use
- Transition to compulsive drug use
- Chronic addiction and withdrawals
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Genetic factors with addiction
- partly heritable
- genes involved in metabolism
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Environmental factors causing addiction
- stress
- trauma
- peer pressure
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Long term effects of addictions
- neuroplasticity
- tolerance
- withdrawals
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Psychotherapeutic interventions
- Cognitive-behavioural therapy
- Motivational interviewing
- Contingency management (positive rewards for when not taking drugs)
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Mood disorders linked with addiction
1. Depression (persistent sadness)
2. Bipolar disorder (extreme mood swings)
118
neurochemical imbalance theory
creates an imbalance of:
- Serotonin
- norepinephrine
- dopamine
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addiction impacts which parts of brain structure
1. prefrontal cortex (decision making + mood regulation)
2. Amygdala (emotion processing)
3. Hippocampus (memory and emotion processing)
120
Schizophrenia
chronic and severe mental illnes affecting how people think, feels, and behaves
121
Positive symptoms of schizophrenia
- hallucinations
- delusions
- disorganised thinking
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Negative symptoms
- social withdrawal
- loss of normal function
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Cognitive symptoms
- Deficits in cognitive functions
- can't pay attention
- poor memory
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Dopamine hypothesis
overactivity of dopamine, which reduces dopamine in mesocortical pathway
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mesocortical pathway
role of cognitive functions such as decision making and memory
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Autism caused by
1. neurodevelopment condition - restricted interests
2. neurodevelopmental origins - early overgrowth
3. Failed brain structure
4. Genetic factors - strong
5. Pharmacological interventions - managing anxiety and epilepsy
6. Psychotherapeutic interventions - speech and behaviour therapy
127
modularity vs distributed processing
localisationism - brain divided into different areas for certain function
Distributed network theories - specific functions recruit mutliple brain regions
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Hierarchical vs distributed networks
1. hierarchical processing - information process through linear stages
2. Parallel processing - information processed across different levels
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what is epigenetics
Do environmental factors alter gene expression
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Dualism vs materialism
1. Dualism - Mind is independent of the brain
2. Materialism - Mind is a product of the brain
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Reductionism vs holism
1. reductionism - explaining complex systems through analysing small parts of the system
2. Holism - explain complex systems as a whole
