Psychodynamic And Humanistic Therapies Flashcards
(106 cards)
1
Q
Psychodynamic psychotherapies
A
- psychoanalysis (Freud)
- analytical psychology (Jung)
- individual psychology (Adler)
- object relations
2
Q
Psychoanalysis
A
-Deterministic and pessimistic
-Views psychological issues as being due to unconscious unresolved conflicts that arose in childhood
3
Q
Unresolved conflicts
A
- cause anxiety
- caused by the divergent demands of the three aspects of personality
4
Q
Three aspects of personality (Freud)
A
-Id
-ego
-superego
5
Q
ID
A
- present at birth
- life (sexual) & death (aggression) instincts are the source of psychic energy
- pleasure principal: instant gratification using unconscious irrational means
6
Q
Ego
A
- 6 months
- reality principle
- 6 to at least partially gratify that it’s instincts and attempts to do it in realistic, rational ways
7
Q
Super ego
A
- internalization of society’s values and standards
- conscience
- attempts to permanently block the ids instincts
8
Q
Defense mechanisms
A
- when the ego is unable to resolve a conflict between the id and super ego using rational means they are used
- distort or deny reality
- operate on a unconscious level
9
Q
The defense mechanisms
A
- repression
- sublimation
- denial
- reaction formation
- projection
10
Q
Repression
A
- the basis of all defense mechanisms
- involuntary
- keeping undesirable thoughts and urges out of conscious awareness
11
Q
Denial
A
- immature defense mechanism
– refusing to acknowledge distressing aspects of reality
- ignoring distorting and rejecting reality
12
Q
Reaction formation
A
- expressing the opposite of a unacceptable impulse
13
Q
Projection
A
- attributing and an acceptable impulse to another person
14
Q
Sublimation
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- channeling and unacceptable impulse into a social desirable/ admirable one
15
Q
Use of defense mechanisms
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- occasional use is adaptive
- repeated reliance blocks you from resolving conflicts that are causing anxiety
16
Q
Goals of Freudian psychoanalysis
A
- Make the unconscious conscious
- strengthen the ego so behavior is based in reality unless on insexual cravings and irrational guilt
17
Q
Primary technique of psychoanalysis
A
- analysis: free associations, dreams, resistance, and transference
18
Q
The four steps of analysis
A
- confrontation
- clarification
- interpretation
- working through
19
Q
Confrontation
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- helping the client recognize behaviors they are unaware of and possible causes
20
Q
Clarification
A
- separates important details from extraneous material to bring cause of behaviors into sharper focus
21
Q
Interpretation
A
- explicitly linking conscious behaviors to unconscious processes
22
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Working through
A
- repeated interpretation leads to catharsis and insight into the connection between unconscious material and current behavior which leads to working through
- gradual process where client accepts an integrates new insights into their life
23
Q
Catharsis
A
Experience of repressed emotions
24
Q
Analytical psychology
A
-jung
- believes behavior is driven by both positive and negative forces
- personality continues and develop through the lifespan
- behavior is affected by the past and future
25
The unconscious according to Jung
- personal unconscious
- collective unconscious
26
Personal unconscious
- own forgotten or repressed memories
27
Collective unconscious
- memories that are shared by all people
- passed down from one generation to the next
- contain archetypes
28
Archtypes
-jung
- universal thoughts and images that predispose people to act in a certain way in certain circumstances
- expressed in myth, symbols and dreams
Persona
Shadow
Hero
Anima/animus
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Primary goal of analytical psychotherapy
- to bring unconscious material into consciousness to facilitate individuation
30
Individuation
Jung
- occurs primarily in the second half of life
- the process by which a person becomes a psychological individual that is a separate individual, unity or whole
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Techniques of analytical psychotherapy
- dream interpretation
- analysis of transference
32
Transference according to analytical psychotherapy
- due to the projection of elements of the personal and collective unconscious
33
Individual psychology
Adler
- replace sexual instincts with innate social interest and desire for social connectedness
- teleological approach that emphasizes the effects of future goals on current behavior
34
Feelings of inferiority (individual psych)
- people are motivated by these
- arising childhood in response to real or imagine. Inadequacies and by striving for superiority to overcome inferiority feelings
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Style of life
Adler
- ways a person strives for superiority
- developed during early childhood
Healthy style of life
Mistaken style of life
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Healthy style of life
Adler
- goals reflect both concerns for personal achievement and also the well-being of others
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Mistaken (unhealthy) style of life
- goals focus on overcompensating for feelings of inferiority
- reflect the lack of concern about the well-being of others
- neurosis, psychosis, addiction, another problems are all a manifestation of a mistake in style of life
38
Primary goal of individual psychotherapy
- replace mistaken style of life for a healthier more adaptive one
- this is completed by helping the client overcome feelings of inferiority and developing stronger social interest
39
Strategies used in individual psychotherapy
- identifying early recollections
- dream analysis
- having client act as if they're the person they want to be
40
Object relations
- behavior is motivated primarily by a desire for human relationships
- focuses on the impact of early relationships between a child and primary caregivers. (Objects) has on future relationships
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Object constancy
- the development of mental representations( introjects) of the self and objects that allow an individual to value an object for reasons other than its ability to satisfy their individual needs
42
Mahler
- the development of object constancy takes place in three stages
* normal autistic stage
* normal symbiotic stage
* Separation individuation stage
43
Normal autistic stage
Mahler
- occurs during the first weeks of life
- infants are totally self-absorbed and unaware of the external environment
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Normal symbiotic stage
Mahler
- infants become aware of their external environment but are unable to differentiate themselves from their caregivers
45
Separation individuation stage
Mahler
- 5 months of age until 3
- for sub stages, during which object constancy develops
46
The four substages of object constancy
- differentiation
- practicing
- reapproachment
- beginning of object constancy
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The cause of psychological problems according to object relations
- problems during the separation individuation process that cause a pervasive failure of object constancy
48
Primary goal of object relations
- provide clients with the corrective reparenting experience in order to replace meladaptive introgex with more adaptive ones, thereby improving current relationships
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Strategies used in object relations
- empathetic acceptance
- psychoanalytic strategies including analysis of resistance and transference
50
Phenomenological orientation
- prioritize a clients subjective experience over objective reality
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Similarities of humanistic and existential therapies
- both focus on here and now
- adoptive phenomenological orientation
- reject the medical model and use of clinical labels
- concentrate on a client's internal qualities and perspective rather than symptoms
52
Humanistic therapies
- emphasize acceptance and growth
- help client become more fully functioning and self-actualizing
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Types of humanistic therapies
- person centered
- Gestalt therapy
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Existential therapies
- emphasize freedom and responsibility
- help a client confront anxieties that arise from awareness of ones existential condition and cultivate authentic engagement with one's world
55
Person centered therapy
Rogers
- assumes all people have an innate drive towards self-actualization which motivates them to their full potential
- the drive towards self-actualization can be throated when a person experiences and congruence between their self-concept and experience
56
Conditions of worth
Rogers person centered therapy
- source of incongruence
- a car when people provide a child with love and acceptance only when they behave a certain way
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Reactions to incongruence
Rogers
- reacts defensively by distorting or denying their experience which causes psychological mileage adjustment
58
Primary goal of person centered therapy
- to help the client become a fully functioning person who is not defensive, is open to new experiences, and engage in the process of self-actualization
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Three facilitative (core and) conditions
Rogers person centered
- empathy
- unconditional positive regard
- congruence
60
Empathy
Person centered therapy
- understanding the client's perspective and communicating that understanding
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Unconditional positive regard
Person centered therapy
- valuing and accepting the client as a person
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Congruence
Person centered therapy
- being genuine, authentic, and honest
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Assumptions of Gestalt therapy
- people are motivated to maintain a state of homeostasis which gets repeatedly disrupted by our unfulfilled, physical and psychological needs
- We seek to obtain something from the environment to meet our unsatisfied needs in order to restore homeostasis
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Neurosis ( Gestalt)
- maladjustment
- occurs when there is a persistent disturbance in the boundary between the person and the environment, that interferes with their ability to meet their need
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Boundary disturbance
-Gestalt
- introjection
- projection
- retroflection
- deflection
-confluence
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Introjection
Gestalt
- people adopt the beliefs, standards, or values of others without evaluation or awareness
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Projection
Gestalt
- a tribute undesirable aspects of themselves onto other people
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Retroflection
Gestalt
- due to yourself what you would like to do to others
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Deflection
Gestalt
- avoid contact with the environment
70
Confluence
Gestalt
- people blur the distinction between themselves and others
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Curative factor of therapy according to Gestalt
Gaining awareness of one's current thoughts, feelings, and actions
72
Strategies used in Gestalt therapy
- DreamWork
- empty chair technique
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Dream work (Gestalt)
- having the clients role play parts of their dream that represent disowned parts of the client's personality
74
Empty chair technique
Gestalt
- client interacts with opposing aspects of their personality or to resolve unfinished business with a significant person in their past or present
75
Transference (Gestalt)
- therapist do not foster or interpret the client's transference, but helps the client distinguish between their transference fantasy and reality
76
Existential therapies
- derived from existential philosophy
-Yalom, May, Frankl
- emphasize personal responsibility and choice
77
The assumption of existential therapy
- each person must ultimately define their personal experience
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Psychological disturbances according to existential therapy
- our result of the inability to resolve conflicts that arise when facing for ultimate concerns of existence
- death
- freedom
- isolation
- meaninglessness
79
Two types of anxiety according to existential therapy
- normal (existential) anxiety
- neurotic anxiety
80
Normal (existential) anxiety
- existential therapy
- in proportion to the object of threat, does not involve oppression, and can be constructively identified, and confront the conditions that elicit it and motivates positive change
81
Neurotic anxiety
Existential
- disproportionate to the objective threat, involves repression, and keeps people from reaching their full potential
82
The goal of therapy and existential therapies
- help clients lead more authentic lives by assisting them in taking charge of their life, helping them choose for themselves the values and purposes that will define and guide their existence and supporting them in actions that express is values and purposes
83
The most important therapeutic tool in existential therapies
- authentic therapist-client relationship
84
Therapeutic strategies used in existential therapies
- questioning
- interpretation
- reframing
85
Reality therapy
Glasser
- based on choice theory
- people have five basic innate needs and the ways the person chooses to fulfill these needs to determine whether or not they have a successor failure identity
86
5 innate needs
Reality therapy
- love and belonging!
- power
- fun
- freedom
- survival
87
Success identity
Reality therapy
- when a person chooses to fulfill their needs responsibly, i.e in a positive constructive ways that do not infringe on the rights of others
88
Failure identity
Reality therapy
- person chooses to fulfill their needs irresponsibly ie in a negative destructive way that infringes on the rights of others and doesn't always get what they want
89
Primary goal of reality therapy
To replace the client's failure identity with a success identity by helping the client assume responsibilities for their actions and adopting more appropriate ways to fulfill their needs
90
WDEP system
Reality therapy
W=wants & needs
D= determine what they are currently doing to foster awareness of their behavior
E= encourage the client to evaluate their own behaviors
P= help the client create a plan of action
91
Positive psychology
- valued subjective experience, well-being, contentment, and satisfaction in the past, hope and optimism for the future and the flow of happiness and the present
92
Positive psychology
- is about valued subjective experiences: well being, contentment, and satisfaction in the past with hope and optimism for the future and a flow of happiness and the present
Past/present/future
93
Important characteristic or positive psychology
- It uses the scientific method to evaluate its theories, concepts, and interventions
Ex. Researchers have investigated positive emotions by evaluating an effectiveness of interventions aimed on increasing happiness and have investigated positive health by studying how positive emotions contribute to & sustain physical health
94
Important component of positive psychology
Seligmam's PERMA model
95
PERMA model
- positive psychology
- describe the five essential elements of well-being
Positive emotions
Engagement
Relationships
Meaning
Accomplishment- achievement
96
Positive emotions
Positive psychology/PERMA model
- experiencing pleasure, hope, gratitude, love, and other positive emotions
97
Engagement
Positive psychology/PERMA model
- being truly engaged in situations or tasks
-- characterized by a state of flow,
98
Flow
Perma model
- being totally immersed in an activity accompanied by a high level of joy in a sense of fulfillment
99
Relationships
Positive psychology/PERMA model
- HAVING POSITIVE AND MEANINGFUL INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS
100
Meaning
- positive psychology/ PERMA model
- being dedicated to a cause that's bigger than oneself
101
Accomplishment- achievement
Positive psychology/ perma model
- striving to be better and accomplish your goals
102
Personal construct therapy
Kelly
- focuses on how people construe (perceived, interpret, and anticipate) events
- people can change the way they construe events to alleviate and desirable behaviors and outcomes
103
Construing
Kelly
- involves the use of personal constructs which are bipolar dimensions of meaning that arise from a person's experiences and may operate on an unconscious or conscious level
104
Personal constructs
Kelly
- fair/ unfair
- friend/ enemy
- relevance/ irrelevant
105
Strategies of personal construct therapy
- plain and therapist work is partners to help the client identify and replace maladaptive personal constructs
106
Therapy strategies and personal construct therapy
- fixed role therapy: helps the client try out alternative personal constructs
- the client role plays a fictional character that is described by the therapist and to construes events in alternative ways
