psychofarmacology

Question 1

stages in pharmacokinetics:

Answer 1

absorption– distribution – metabolism – excretion

Question 2

antagonists

Answer 2

INhibition of effects

Question 3

Direct anagonists

Answer 3

recepor blockers

Question 4

Inderict antagonists

Answer 4

competes with agonists. doesnt cause a reaction to the receptor

Question 5

ways of administration

Answer 5

Per os
Intravenous
Intramuscular
Intraperitoneal
Subcutaneous
Sublingual
Rectal
Inhalation
Intranasal
Intracerebroventricular

Question 6

Per os

Answer 6

oral

Question 7

Intraveneus

Answer 7

injection in veins

Question 8

Intramuscular

Answer 8

injection is muscle

Question 9

intraperitoneal

Answer 9

injection into a cavity

Question 10

subcutaneaus

Answer 10

injection lowest part of the skin

Question 11

Sublingual

Answer 11

under the tongue

Question 12

Intracerebroventricular

Answer 12

in the four cavities in the brain

Question 13

NEUROMODULATORS

Answer 13

modulate the effects of neurotransmitters

not only synaptic, long lasting effects (100-500- or more ms)

Question 14

Acethylcholine location

Answer 14

central nervous system
motor endplate
parasympathetic part of the autonomous NS

Question 15

synthesis of ACh:

Answer 15

choline and acetate

enzyme: cholin-acetyl-transferase

Question 16

Breakdown of ACh:

Answer 16

acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

Question 17

What types of substances activate ACh-receptors?

Answer 17

nicotintypes, inh. by curare poison

and muscarin type, CNS, inhibited by atropin

Question 18

MONOamines

Answer 18

CATECHOLAMINES
- DOPAMINE
 - NOREPINEPHRINE (NORADRENALINE)
- EPINEPHRIN (ADRENALINE)
INDOLAMINES
  - SEROTONIN

Question 19

SYNTHESIS of catecholamines:

Answer 19

tyrosine - L-DOPA – dopamine – norepinephrine - epinephrine

Question 20

DOPAMINE effect

Answer 20

can evoke inhibitory and excitatory postsynaptic potentials depending on the type of postsynaptic receptor

Question 21

DOPAMINE Function

Answer 21

learning, reinforcement, movement, attention, memory

Question 22

DOPAMINE Localization

Answer 22

1) nigrostriatal system
2) mesolimbic system
3) mesocortical system

Question 23

NORADRENALINE synthesis

Answer 23

tyrosine - L-DOPA – dopamine – norepinephrine - epinephrine

Question 24

Origin of NORADRENALINE system

Answer 24

locus coeruleus

in dorsal pons: from here to all cortical regions

Question 25

SEROTONIN Synthesis

Answer 25

Triptophan (aminoacid)→5-hidroxitriptophan →

5-hidroxitriptamine (5HT)

Question 26

SEROTONIN Localization:

Answer 26

raphe nuclei (9 in midbrain, pons, medulla)
from here to: cortex, thalamus, hippocampus

Question 27

SEROTONIN Role and effect:

Answer 27

Mood (improves), appetite (decreases), sleep (activates arousal), sexual activity (decreases libido), temperature

Question 28

ROLES OF THE HISTAMINERG SYSTEM

Answer 28

1) CIRCADIAN RHYTHM
2) INFLAMATORY AND ALLERGIC PROCESSES
3) COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS
4) ACTIVATED IN STRESS

Question 29

AMINO ACIDS I.

Answer 29

GABA (gamma amino butyric acid)

Question 30

Different receptor binding sites on GABA A receptor

Answer 30

1) benzodiazepines (reduce anxiety and seizure activity, promote sleep)
2) anxiolytics
3) barbiturates (low therapeutic index!)
4) picrotoxin
5) steroids

Question 31

AMINO ACIDS II.

Answer 31

Glutamate
excitatory neurotransmitter in 50% of synapses
function: learning - acts on NMDA receptors -
sodium and calcium entry into cells
Glycine
inhibition in spinal cord

Question 32

Tetanus toxin inhibits

Answer 32

glycin release in spinal cord

Question 33

PEPTIDES

Answer 33

molecules that consist of two or more

amino acids

Question 34

NUCLEOSIDES

Answer 34

consists of a sugar molecule and a purin or pyrimidine base. is released by glial cells when neurons are short of oxigen

Question 35

Adenosin in pharmacology

Answer 35

Ijncreases blood flow through vasodilation