Psychological Disorders

Question 1

Psychological Disorders

Answer 1

behaviors or mental processes that are connected with various kinds of distress or significant impairment in functioning

Question 2

Hallucination

Answer 2

perception in the absence of sensory stimulation that is confused with reality

“hearing/seeing things”

Question 3

Ideas of Persecution

Answer 3

erroneous beliefs that one is being victimized or persecuted

(thinking that the FBI is out to get you)

Question 4

Demonological Model (Perspectives on Psychological Disorders)

Answer 4

People back then believed that the Devil was responsible for psychological disorders. This led to brutal “treatments” such as drilling of holes in the skull for the evil spirits to escape.

Question 5

Medical Model (Perspectives on Psychological Disorders)

Answer 5

After many killings during the demonological era, during the age of reason, more health professionals, such as Philippe Pinel, viewed psychological disorders as diseases of the mind.

Question 6

Contemporary Psychological Models

Answer 6

many psychologists looked for biological and physical contributors to psychological disorders

Question 7

The diathesis-stress model

Answer 7

assumes that there may be biological differences between individuals.

(explains why some people develop certain psychological disorders under stress, while some do not)

Question 8

The biopsychosocial model

Answer 8

explains psychological disorder in terms of combination

1. biological vulnerabilities
2. psychological factors (exposure to stress)
3. sociocultural factors (family rels and cultural beliefs)

Question 9

Classifying Psychological Disorders

Answer 9

This is the communication between investigators.

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the Mental Disorders, compiled by the American Psychiatric Association (2013) The manual is known more simply as the DSM-5.

Question 10

Anxiety Disorders

Answer 10

have psychological and physical symptoms

• worrying fear of the worst happening, fear of losing control, nervousness, inability to relax
• trembling, sweating, increase in heartbeat, and elevated blood pressure

Question 11

Specific phobias

Answer 11

excessive irrational fears of specific objects or situations such as spiders, snakes, or heights

claustrophobia - fear of tight spaces
acrophobia - fear of heights
agoraphobia - fear of going out of their homes

Question 12

Social Anxiety Disorder

Answer 12

excessive fears of social situations in which the individual is exposed to the scrutiny of others or might do something that will be humiliating or embarrassing.

(public speaking, stage fright, speech anxiety, dating fears)

Question 13

Panic Disorder

Answer 13

abrupt anxiety attack that is unrelated to specific objects or situations.

shortness of breath, heavy sweating, tremors, and pounding of heart

Question 14

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Answer 14

persistent anxiety that cannot be attributed to a phobic object, situation, or activity. Comes from pervasive worrying about numerous stressors.

shakiness, inability to relax, furrowed brow, fidgeting

Question 15

Psychological Views (Origins of Anxiety Disorders)

Answer 15

views that phobias are conditioned fears that were gained in early childhood.

Question 16

Biological Views

Answer 16

Anxiety disorders tend to run in families. Evolutionary psychologists suggests that anxiety may reflect natural selection.

Question 17

Biopsychosocial Views

Answer 17

Many cases of anxiety disorders reflect the interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors.

Question 18

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

Answer 18

recurrent, anxiety-provoking thoughts or images that seem irrational and beyond control (obsessions) and seemingly irresistible urges to engage in thoughts or behaviors that tend to reduce the anxiety (compulsions)

Question 19

Hoarding Disorder

Answer 19

overpowering need to accumulate certain kinds of possessions and have difficulty discarding them.

Question 20

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Answer 20

rapid heart rate and feelings of anxiety and helplessness that are caused by a traumatic experience.

occurs 6 months or more after the traumatic event

Question 21

Acute Stress Disorder

Answer 21

same with PTSD, but occurs within a month of the event and lasts from two days to four weeks

Question 22

Dissociative Disorders

Answer 22

which there are sudden, temporary changes in consciousness or self-identity

Question 23

Dissociative identity disorder (DID)

Answer 23

(formerly termed multiple personality disorder) a disorder in which a person appears to have two or more distinct identities or personalities that may alternately emerge

Question 24

Dissociative amnesia

Answer 24

a dissociative disorder marked by loss
of memory or self-identity; skills and general knowledge are usually retained

Question 25

Depersonalization–derealization disorder

Answer 25

experience episodes of feeling detached from themselves or feeling that the world around them is unreal.

Question 26

Somatoform disorders

Answer 26

physical problems such as paralysis, pain, or a persistent belief that they have a serious disease.

Question 27

Illness anxiety disorder (type of somatoform disorder)

Answer 27

People with this disorder insist that they are suffering from a serious physical illness, even though no medical evidence of illness can be found.

Question 28

Conversion disorder

Answer 28

characterized by a major change in, or loss of, physical functioning, although there are no medical findings to explain the loss of functioning. something is really wrong but is not physically shown

Question 29

Bipolar disorder

Answer 29

earlier known as manic-depressive disorder, have mood swings from ecstatic elation to deep depression. manic phase is when a person is too excited. these people may be argumentative, show poor judgment, destroy property, make huge contributions to charity, or give away expensive possessions.

Question 30

Bipolar depression

Answer 30

People with bipolar depression often sleep more than usual and are lethargic. social withdrawal and irritability. Some people with bipolar disorder attempt suicide when the mood shifts from the elated phase toward depression. Imbalances in the neurotransmitter serotonin apparently play a role in bipolar disorder

Question 31

Major Depressive disorder

Answer 31

serious to severe depressive disorder in which the person may show loss of appetite, psychomotor retardation, and impaired reality testing

Question 32

Psychomotor Retardation

Answer 32

slowness in motor activity and (apparently) in thought

Question 33

Psychological Disorder (Psychological View)

Answer 33

Many learning theorists suggest that depressed people behave as though they cannot obtain reinforcement. Cognitive factors also contribute to depression. For example, perfectionists set themselves up for depression by making irrational demands on themselves.

Question 34

Learned Helplessness

Answer 34

a possible explanation for some depressive behavior, based on findings that organisms in aversive situations learn to show inactivity when their behavior is not reinforced

Question 35

Attribution styles

Answer 35

styles in which we put the blame to Internal - blaming ourselves external - blaming others stable - blaming something that cannot be changed unstable - blames a temporary condition global - suggests that the problem was too large specific - chops the problem into a manageable size

Question 36

Neuroticism

Answer 36

often associated with depression & anxiety a personality trait characterized largely by persistent anxiety