Psychological Disorders

Question 1

psychopathology

Answer 1

illness or disorder of the mind

Question 2

etiology

Answer 2

the factors that contribute to the development of a disorder

Question 3

Moral treatment

Answer 3

First done by Pussin, it is a therapy that involved close contact with and careful observation of patients

Question 4

criteria in determining whether behavior represents psychopathology

Answer 4

1. does the person act in a way that deviates from cultural norms for acceptable behavior?
2. is the behavior maladaptive (does it interfere with the person’s ability to respond appropriately in some situations)?
3. Is the behavior self-destructive, does it cause them personal distress or threaten other people in the community
4. does the behavior cause discomfort and concern to others and impair their social relationships

Question 5

most common psychological disorders

Answer 5

depressive disorder, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, anxiety, substance-related/addictive disorder

Question 6

what did Kraepelin separate?

Answer 6

disorders of moods (emotions) from disorders of cognition (schizophrenia)

Question 7

What are some categories and examples of disorders in the DSM

Answer 7

Neurodevelopmental disorders

Autism spectrum disorder

Schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders

Schizophrenia

Bipolar and related disorders

Bipolar I disorder

Depressive disorders

Major depressive disorder

Anxiety disorders

Panic disorder

Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders

Body dysmorphic disorder

Trauma- and stressor-related disorders

Posttraumatic stress disorder

Dissociative disorders

Dissociative amnesia

Somatic symptom and related disorders

Illness anxiety disorder

Feeding and eating disorders

Anorexia nervosa

Elimination disorders

Enuresis (bed-wetting)

Sleep-wake disorders

Narcolepsy

Question 8

what is a problem with the DSM?

Answer 8

it takes a categorical approach, fails to capture differences in the severity of a disorder

Question 9

dimensional approach

Answer 9

considers psychological disorders along a continuum on which people vary in degree rather than in kind

Question 10

comorbidity

Answer 10

when psychological disorders occur together

Question 11

assessment

Answer 11

examining a persons mental functions and psychological condition to diagnose a disorder (often includes self reports, testing, observations, and interviews)

Question 12

neuropsychological method of assessment

Answer 12

client performs actions (copying a picture drawing a design, sorting cards) which require an ability, to indicate problems with a particular brain region

Question 13

evidence based assessment

Answer 13

research guides the evaluation of psychopathology

Question 14

diathesis stress model

Answer 14

an individual has an underlying vulnerability (diathesis) to a psychological disorder; this could be genetic or environmental; in addition to stressful circumstances, the scales can be tipped

Question 15

conditions managed by a neurologist

Answer 15

stroke, brain tumors, brain injury, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, sleep disorders, migraines

Question 16

conditions managed by a psychiatrist

Answer 16

depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, anorexia, anxiety, OCD, ADHD

Question 17

Schizophrenia

Answer 17

onset usually in late teens or 20s, starts with a psychotic break; “splitting of the mind”
Positive symptoms: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech
Negative symptoms: flat affect, various forms of withdrawal, lack of motivation
1% of the population, 80% who have one episode will have more

Question 18

delusions

Answer 18

false beliefs based on incorrect inferences about reality
persecutory: others are trying to harm one
referential: objects, or other people have particular significance to one
grandiose: belief that one has great power, knowledge, or talent
identity: one is someone else
guilt: one has committed a terrible sin
control: one’s thoughts and behaviors are being controlled by external forces

Question 19

hallucinations

Answer 19

false sensory perceptions that are experienced without an external source (visual/ auditory)

Question 20

Cultural differences in the nature of hallucination

Answer 20

USA: hostile, unpleasant
India/Ghana: Friendly, playful

Question 21

Causes of Schizophrenia

Answer 21

genetic component (identical twins: 45%, two parents with Schizo: 45%)
stimulation of dopamine receptors in different regions, connection to paternal age, connection to maternal influenza in 2nd trimester
a healthy family is a protective factor against Schizophrenia

Question 22

Major Depression

Answer 22

disorder characterized by severe negative moods and/or a lack of interest in normally pleasurable activities

Question 23

DSM Criteria for major depressive episode

Answer 23

depressed mood most of the day, diminished interest in most activities, insomnia or hypersomnia, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness, diminished ability to concentrate, thoughts of death or suicide

Question 24

prevalence of depression

Answer 24

2-2.5% more common in women than in men
Genetics: monozygotic twins (50%) dizygotic (10%)

Question 25

In depression, explanations of negative events tend to be:

Answer 25

internal, stable (this will always happen), and global (not context specific)

Question 26

Bipolar disorder

Answer 26

mood disorder characterized by alternating periods of depression and mania high suicide risk (20%)

Question 27

treating bipolar disorder

Answer 27

lithium: psychotropic drug Quetiapine: atypical antipsychotic drug, side effects are less severe

Question 28

suicide rates depend on the availability of the means to do it

Answer 28

For example, where guns are more prevalent, more people die by suicide

Question 29

Obsessive Compulsive and Related Disorders

Answer 29

disorder characterized by frequent intrusive thoughts and compulsive actions

Question 30

common obsessions and compulsions in OCD

Answer 30

obsessions: germs, accidents, one's own behavior compulsions: washing/cleaning, checking, counting

Question 31

Prevalence of OCD

Answer 31

1-2 percent of the population, more women than men

Question 32

Two main treatment approaches to OCD

Answer 32

talk therapy (CBT/DBT) and medication

Question 33

Personality disorders

Answer 33

Cluster A: Paranoia, schizoid (odd or eccentric behavior) Cluster B: Antisocial, BPD, Narcissistic (dramatic, emotional errativ) Cluster C: avoidant, dependent, OCD (anxious or fearful)

Question 34

Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder

Answer 34

Perfectionist tendencies over-conscientious indecisive preoccupied with details difficulty expressing affection

Question 35

antisocial personality disorder

Answer 35

failure to conform to social norms, deceitfulness, impulsivity and failure to plan, irritability and aggressiveness, lack of remorse

Question 36

Psychopathy

Answer 36

I am more tough minded than other people I could beat a lie detector I have taken illegal drugs I purposely flatter people to get them on my side Ive done things for the thrill of it You should take advantage of people before they do it to you People sometimes say that I am cold-hearted I like to have sex with people I barely know I am an impulsive person I can talk people into anything People are too sensitive when i tell them the truth about themselves

Question 37

Borderline personality disorder

Answer 37

fear of abandonment, intense emotions, impulsivity, weak sense of self

Question 38

treating BPD

Answer 38

Dialectical Behavior Therapy: 1. change extreme behaviors 2. explore past traumas 3. develop feelings of independence and self-respect

Question 39

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Answer 39

restricted or repetitive behavior patterns abnormal socialization abnormal communication

Question 40

prevalence of autism

Answer 40

2x more common in males than females 60-90% genetic component

Question 41

disorders reach all aspects of the mind

Answer 41

perception, emotion, thought, development, and social cognition/behavior