psychological disorders

Question 1

what is mental health disorder?

Answer 1

• ## clinically significant disturbance in individuals cognition, emotional regulation or behaviour

distress or impairment in areas of functioning

Question 2

3 types of mental health disorder

Answer 2

1. mood - MDD
2. anxiety
3. psychotic - schizophrenia, schizoaffective

Question 3

Psychosis is

Answer 3

the inability to operate external reality from internal phenomena

Question 4

Australian prevalence:
- lifetime
- 12 months
- rank

Answer 4

• 43% 2in 5 experienced mental health disorder is lifetime
• 22% 1in 5 experienced in last 12 months
• Anxiety, mood, psychosis

anxiety 17% mood 8%
schizoprehnia is most common

Question 5

what causes mental health disorder?

3 factors

Answer 5

• biological - genetics, brain
• psychological - info, world
• social - childhood, relationships

Question 6

Schizophrenia 3 symptom categories

Answer 6

1. positive presence of abnormal
2. negative absence of normal
3. cognitive impairment

Question 7

Schizophrenia criteria
DSM5TR

Answer 7

• 2 or more
  delusions
  hallucination
  disorganised speech
  catatonia
  negative symptoms
• marked impairment in life functioning

Question 8

POSITIVE schiz

delusion vs hallucination

Answer 8

D = fixed beliefs
H = perception of absence o things not there (auditory, visual etc)

Question 9

POSITIVE schiz

Disorganised speech vs catatonia

Answer 9

• speech/behaviour = incoherent or tangents, agitation
• C = abnormal reactivity to environmnet, hyperactive, echoing speech

Question 10

NEGATIVE shiz

loss of normal behaviour

Answer 10

• monotonous speech
  lack of motivation
  reduced speech
  averted eye contact

Question 11

Schiz cognitive symptoms

Answer 11

• effected episodic and working memory
• verbal and processing speed

Question 12

Biological causing schizophrenia:

Answer 12

genetics - 50% heritable, twins too
brain - more neural pruning, loss of tissue grey white matter
dopamine POSITIVE = increased dopamine in ventral striatum
- more reward, motivation, salience
-dopamine negative = reduced dopamine in PFC
this disrupts networks of parietal temporal lobes (emotions, exec func)

Question 13

Psychological causing schizophrenia

Answer 13

aberrant information processing
- brain misinterpreted salience(importance) of information
- think irrelevant stimuli is important
cognitive biases
-interpret world

Question 14

More aberrant information processing

Answer 14

• ‘there must be a reason’
• that person is implying something’
  paranoid interpretation of actions/motivations

Question 15

excessive dopamine where schizophrenia

Answer 15

= in ventral striatum
Positive symptoms (presence of abnormal)
- salience
habits
mesolimbic system

Question 16

Social factors schizophrenia

Answer 16

• sensitivity of dopamine
  childhood adversity

Question 17

Major Depressive Disorder

TWO SYMPTOMS for diagnosis

Answer 17

• dysphoria - depressed mood
  Anhedonia - loss of interest/pleasure
• need 5 or more symptoms

Question 18

MDD

Beck’s cognitive model of depression
Biological factors

Answer 18

• genetic heritability - 30-50%
  brain structure - F, P, T lobes
• anterior cingulate cortex is hyperactive to negative stimuli
• hypoactive to positive stimuli
• reduced dopamine in ventral striatum
• less reward/motivation feeling

PREFRONTAL,LIMBIC focus on negative info, increased emotional reactivity

Question 19

MDD brain

Answer 19

• reactivity to subcortical system to negative stimuli
• less control by cortical stimuli, negative stimuli
• memory bias
  rumination on negative

Question 20

MDD psychological factors

Answer 20

• biased attention and memory
• towards negative
  recall negative memories
  - negative beliefs
• negative info strengthens neg beliefs
• neg self-rumination
• self-worth

Question 21

MDD social factors/stressors

Answer 21

• childhood adversity
  reactivity of dopaminergic pathways
• negative view of self
• intepersonal context of self and world