W5 memory brain

Question 1

Brain systems of memory

short and long-term

Answer 1

Short - working
- frontal lobe

long term
- Implicit and procedural
= amygdala, striatum, cerebellum

- declarative explicit
- –> semantic facts
- –> spatial context
- –> episodic events
- = thalamus, medial temporal lobe

Question 2

explain

Short-term (Working) memory

Answer 2

• limited storage capacity
• seconds
• interface between perception, long-term, action

Question 3

Working memory tasks involve:

Answer 3

• remembering
• performing
• highly accessible, easily erasable like blackboard

Question 4

Fractionation of WM

Answer 4

central executive
- phonological loop (verbal)
- episodic buffer
- visuospatial sketchpad (visual)

Question 5

Change detection task

Answer 5

in seconds
square changes colour
arrow shows where to look to remember

Question 6

WM Models

Slots + equal resources

Answer 6

slots = we fit information into buckets/slots
- fit = remembered

Equal resources = allocate resources to remember, spread thin when more

Question 7

EEG fixed-slots evidence

what happens when load is varied?

Answer 7

increasing load (what we’re asked to remember), increases Contralateral Delay Activity
- amplitude increases as items in WM capacity increases
- activation-based maintenance of visual information

up to 3 items is the mean capacity

contralateral = opposide side of item
ipsilateral = same side

Question 8

Working Memory capacity

Answer 8

**high capacity **= good at task
- more memory demand means more CDA

low capacity = demand activity increases
- brain remembering 4 items

activation-based neural activity

Question 9

2 types of long-term memories

Answer 9

• declarative - explicit (consciously recollected ideas, facts)
• ** non-declarative** - implicit (without conscious recollection

Question 10

2 types

Declarative memory

what and where

Answer 10

• conscious recollection fact, events
• medial temporal lobe
• semantic - general knowledge, 2+2
• episodic - chronological, dated, specific to own life/experiences

Question 11

Amnesia occurs due to…

Answer 11

brain damage (injury, stroke)
korsakoffs syndrome
viral infection

Question 12

Henry Molasion

Answer 12

amnesic patient
- brain bilateral medial temporal resection to control epileptic seisures
- intact performance on intelligence tests
- inability to form, retain, retrieve new episodic memories or semantic memories

different effects for memories

hippocampus + temporal for episodic memory

Question 13

2 types of amnesia

Answer 13

retrograde - no memory of events prior to brain damage
anterograde - inability to remember new learning after brain damage

Question 14

HM had which amnesia?

Answer 14

temporally graded retrograde amnesia
in tact working short memory
- could recall short number list up to 6 when rehearsed (Control =20)
- procedural - new motor skills draw after forgetting

Question 15

Basal Ganglia is for?

weather prediction task

Answer 15

procedural reward learning and memory
mid brain region
- huntingtons disease and parkinsons (motor deficits)

sunny or rainy - amnesia lower, parkinsons no learning

Question 16

Where in brain is episodic + procedural memory?

Answer 16

Episodic - medial temporal lobe, hippocampus
Procedural - basal ganglia

Question 17

procedural learning task
HPC basal ganglia competition

Answer 17

competition of systems
- activity in MTL increases new task so rely on episodic
- here the basal ganglia low activity
-then-
- Caudate up, MTL trough down as learning progresses

different types of memory rely on different brain regions

Question 18

Damage to MTL impacts what

Answer 18

episodic memory
antero-retrograde

Question 19

how do we store memories?

Answer 19

through neural networks
- neurons communicate through connections
- learn and store through changing connections between neurons

Question 20

Hebbs postulate

Answer 20

persistence/repetition of reverbatory activity induce lasting cellular changes
‘fire together, wire together’

Question 21

Synaptic consolidation + plasticity

Answer 21

plasticity = encoding/initial storage is short lived 24 hours
consolidation = other processes take place to stabilise memories and store permanently

Question 22

systems consolidation

Answer 22

reorganisation of traces over days/weeks/months
- storage away from hippocampus to cortical regions

Question 23

Ribot’s law

temporal gradient in amnesia

Answer 23

• brain damage impairs recent memories more than past
• more preserved older memories
• distant info in cortex
• recent info in hippocampus

Question 24

3 theories of system consolidation are

Answer 24

1. consolidation theory
2. multiple-trace theory
3. cognitive map theory

Question 25

1. consolidation | squire, mcclelland

Answer 25

**systems consolidation predicts more involvement of hippocampus for more recent memories** - - Hippocampus stores episodic and semantic memories (declarative) - temporary storage - memories from HPC to cortex connections between regions strengthened overtime - anmesia deficit in consolidation

Question 26

# 1. consolidation McClelland

Answer 26

neocortical system is slow, catastrophic interference - gradual repetitive training coz new overrides old info - HPC trains the neocortical

Question 27

semantic dementia | reverse of temporal gradient

Answer 27

- loss of info from semantic memory - cortex damage - HPC SPARED - remembers new memories better | consistent with system consolidation theory - recent memories rely HPC

Question 28

alzheimers disease

Answer 28

atrophy MTL HIPPOCAMPUS DAMAGE (consistent for amnesia expectations) -

Question 29

2 multiple trace theory | nadel, winocur

Answer 29

**multiple trace theory predicts that hippocampus should be involved for recent and remote memory** HPC stores contextualised memories (who, where, when) - permanently - schematic, lack context - new info dependent on HPC - contextualised to schematic (semantic)

Question 30

3 Cognitive map theory | okeefe and Nadal

Answer 30

- HPC stores spatial memories - permanent - HPC spatial, Cortex other - allocentric - independent to viewer | eg. rat stores map of environment, water maze learning time/relations