Psychological Explanations of SZ

Question 1

Who proposed psychodynamic approach?

Answer 1

Freud

Question 2

What is SZ, according to Freud?

Answer 2

Regression to pre-ego state

Attempts to re-establish ego control

Question 3

Psychodynamic - how can the world of a schizophrenic affect its onset?

Answer 3

• Hard world (e.g. cold/uncaring parents)

- Individual regresses to before ego was properly formed and without realistic awareness of outside world

Question 4

What did Freud see SZ as?

Answer 4

Infantile state with some symptoms reflecting this primitive condition and other symptoms (hallucinations) displaying attempts to re establish control

Question 5

What is a limitation of Freuds psychodynamic approach?

Answer 5

No research evidence to support other than psychoanalysts claim disordered fam patterns are the cause

Question 6

What did Fromm-Reichmann find regarding psychodynamic applications?

Answer 6

Schizophrenogenic mothers/families that are rejecting/dominant/overprotective are contributory factors

Question 7

Further support regarding parents of SZ patients for Psychodynamic?

Answer 7

Studies - parents do behave differently, particularly in presence of disturbed offspring

Question 8

parents do behave diff, particularly in presence of disturbed offspring…

Answer 8

May be consequence rather than cause

Question 9

Where do bio factors come into play in cognitive explanations?

Answer 9

Causes initial sensory experiences

Question 10

How do cognitive factors influence the offset of SZ?

Answer 10

• Individual attempts to understand new experiences

- Turn to others to confirm beliefs, when people fail to, leads to belief that others are hiding the truth

Question 11

What will ultimately happen as cognitive factors influence sz?

Answer 11

Begin to reject feedback from others and develop delusional beliefs

Question 12

What are the AO1 Points?

Answer 12

Psychodynamic Approach
Cognitive Factors
Life Events
Double Blind Theory
Expressed Emotion

Question 13

What are the AO2 points?

Answer 13

Psychodynamic Applications
Cognitive Support
Life Events
Double Blind Theory
Family Relationships
Expressed Emosion

Question 14

What is a strength of the cognitive factors explanation?

Answer 14

1) Much evidence on a physical basis to support

2) Support for treatment

Question 15

What did Meyer-Lindeberg find?

Answer 15

Link between excess dopamine in pre-frontal cortex and working memory

Question 16

The suggestion that ‘madness’ is a consequence of disbelieving others…

Answer 16

Receives support in terms of treatment implications

Question 17

What did Yellowlees do?

Answer 17

Virtual hallucination machine - e.g. hearing TV tell someone to kill themselves

Question 18

Was was Yellowlee’s hallucination machine designed to do?

Answer 18

Show SZ patients hallucinations are not real

Question 19

Is Yellowlee’s machine successful?

Answer 19

As of rn, no evidence

Question 20

What are 4 socio-cultural explanations of SZ?

Answer 20

Life Events
Double Blind Theory
Family Relationships
Expressed Emotion

Question 21

What are life events?

Answer 21

Major stress factor associated with SZ

Question 22

What are discrete stresses?

Answer 22

Death of family member

Question 23

What is the death of a family member an example of?

Answer 23

Discrete stresses

Question 24

What did Brown and Birley find regarding life events/SZ link?

Answer 24

• Prior to SZ episode, those who had previously experienced SZ reported twice as many stressful life events in comparison to healthy control group

Question 25

What did further research regarding life events/sz find?

Answer 25

LE's had increased effect after relapse rather than concentrated effect before

Question 26

What is a limitation of the life events/sZ explanation ?

Answer 26

No casual link

Question 27

What are two limitations regarding the idea there is no casual link between life events/sz

Answer 27

- Van Os et al - no link - Research is purely correlational, cannot infer direct link - Erratic behaviour at beginning of SZ could be cause of life events rather than consequence

Question 28

What is the double blind theory?

Answer 28

Children who receive contradictory messages from parents are more likely to have SZ

Question 29

What is an example of a contradictory message in the DBT?

Answer 29

Mother tells child she loves them then turns away in disgust

Question 30

What is a mother telling a child she loves them then turning away in disgust?

Answer 30

Conflicting messages on different communicative levels

Question 31

What happens to a child when they receive contradictory messages?

Answer 31

Response is incapacitated by contradictions | Prevents development of internally coherent contraction of reality

Question 32

Who supported the DBT explanation?

Answer 32

Echoed by RD Laing - SZ is reasonable response to an insane world

Question 33

AO2 for the Double Blind Theory?

Answer 33

Some evidence to support this account of SZ dvlpt

Question 34

What did Berger find in relation to the DBT?

Answer 34

SZs reported higher recall of double blind statements

Question 35

What is a problem with Bergers study into DBT?

Answer 35

Retrospective data

Question 36

What are two pieces of evidence against the DBT?

Answer 36

Liem - patterns of parental communications, no diff between SZ family and normal family Hall and Levin - analysis of previous studies, no diff between sz fams and non sz families

Question 37

Where can the importance of Fam relationships be seen?

Answer 37

Tinari's adoption study

Question 38

AO2 fam relationships. If parent had SZ, child were more likely to develop SZ.. but this only occurred

Answer 38

- When adoptees rated as disturbed

Question 39

Family Relationships AO2 (adoptive parents rated as disturbed) What might be the trigger?

Answer 39

Poor environmental factors

Question 40

How can Expressed Emotion lead to SZ?

Answer 40

Negative emotion climate (high degree of expressed emotions)

Question 41

In family environments, what might EE involve?

Answer 41

Fmily communication styke involving criticism, hostility

Question 42

What can high levels of EE in the family environment cause?

Answer 42

- Relapse rates by up to 4x more than low EE family

Question 43

What study illustrated the effects of expressed emotions EE?

Answer 43

- Iranian culture - High EE - Main cause of SZ relapses

Question 44

How can EE lead to SZ relapse?

Answer 44

Negative emotional climate aroused patient = stress beyond their coping mechanisms

Question 45

Is there research support for EE?

Answer 45

Yes - substantial in comparison to DBT

Question 46

What must we question when looking at EE as a SZ trigger?

Answer 46

Whether it is a cause or effect of SZ

Question 47

What has EE research lead to?

Answer 47

Effective family therapy

Question 48

How can EE research lead to effective family therapy?

Answer 48

High EE members taught ways to reduce EE levels

Question 49

What is a limitation of family therapy that has arose from EE?

Answer 49

EE or general family intervention that lead to success