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Psychological influences on the individual Flashcards

(74 cards)

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1
Q

What is personality

A

Unique psychological make up

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2
Q

What is trait theory

A

The individual is born with innate characteristics that are stable and stay the same in different situations. However people question whether behavior can always be predicted and does not take into account personality

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3
Q

What is social learning theory

A

Suggests behavior is learned from significant others who are held in high esteem by socialisation. Observe, Identify, Reinforce, Copy

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4
Q

What is the interactionist approach

A

Combination of trait and social learning to predict behavior in a specific situation

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5
Q

What is Lewins formula

A

B = f(P x E)
so behaviour is a function of personality and environment

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6
Q

What are the three features of personality based on Hollanders model

A

The core values
Typical responses
Role related behavior

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7
Q

What are core values of the Hollander model

A

Stable and solid beliefs and values that are unlikely to change

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8
Q

What is a typical response of the Hollander model

A

Usual response a player would would make in a given situation

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9
Q

What are role related behavior of the Hollander model

A

Implies that further changes to behavior may be needed as the situation demands

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10
Q

How can knowledge of the interactionist perspective improve performance

A

1) They could predict any potential aggression or unacceptable behavior and substitute them off
2) Could identify situations that cause inappropriate actions and create similar situations whilst in training
3) They could use the interactionist approach to change player behavior by encouraging players to adapt

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11
Q

What is the credulous approach

A

When the link between personality and behavior is accepted

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12
Q

What is the sceptical approach

A

When the link between personality and behavior is doubted

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13
Q

What is an attitude

A

A value aimed at an attitude object. A mental and neural state of readiness.

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14
Q

How is an attitude formed

A

Through socialisation picking up on values or opinions and likely to be reinforced over time

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15
Q

What are the three parts of attitude components - triadic model

A

Cognitive
Affective
Behavioral

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16
Q

What is the cognitive part of the triadic model

A

Most deep rooted part of the attitude and represents what you think and your beliefs

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17
Q

What is the affective part of the triadic model

A

Concerns the feelings and emotions of the player and how those feelings are interpreted

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18
Q

What is the behavioral part of the triadic model

A

Reflects the actions and habits of a performer

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19
Q

What are the two ways to change an attitude

A

Cognitive dissonance
Persuasive communication

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20
Q

What is cognitive dissonance

A

Putting pressure on one or more attitude components so that the performer becomes uneasy and is motivated to change their attitude.

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21
Q

How can a coach deliver cognitive dissonance to change an attitude

A

1) Given new information or presented with a new form of activity so that they begin to question their current attitudes.
2) Making the activity fun and varying practice
3) Using rewards as reinforcement
4) Could bring in a specialist or role model to encourage change

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22
Q

What is persuasive communication

A

Being talked into changing of beliefs

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23
Q

What is important to consider when using persuasive communication

A
  • Needs to be relevant and important = needs to be understood so high quality
  • Person giving the message should be of higher status
  • Timing is important
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24
Q

What is arousal

A

A level of activation, a degree of readiness to perform

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25
What is drive theory
The assumption that increased motivation causes an increased drive in a linear fashion
26
What is the dominant response
The stand out response that the performer thinks is correct
27
What happens at high arousal levels that is a flaw of the drive theory
Less information is processed so the performer focuses on the dominant response. This is usually correct in experts but as a beginner it may not be right.
28
What is the inverted U theory
Theory linking arousal and performance stating that increased arousal improves performance to an optimal point at moderate levels of arousal
29
How does experience impact the inverted U theory
Experienced players have the correct dominant response so can produce a high performance at high arousal. A beginner might need to operate at a lower level of arousal as may not deal well under pressure
30
How does personality impact the inverted U theory
Extroverts are more likely to perform at a higher arousal due to the reticular activating systems (RAS) which controls adrenaline. Extroverts have naturally low levels of activation unlike introverts
31
How does a gross or fine skill impact the inverted U theory
A gross skill can be performed at a higher arousal due to use of large muscle groups unlike fine needing control and therefore low arousal.
32
How does a simple or complex skill impact the inverted U theory
A complex skill requires descion making and lots of information so needs a lower arousal to process, unlike a simple skill which requires less information so can be done at high arousal.
33
What is catastrophe theory
Arousal improves performance to an optimal point but then there is a dramatic reduction in performance when beyond optimal
34
What causes the performance slump in the catastrophe theory
Somatic and cognitive anxieties
35
What is the zone of optimal functioning
An adaptation of the inverted U theory whereby the optimal varies from player to player. Also there is not an individual optimum but a zone or area.
36
What methods are used to find someone's zone of optimal arousal
Mental practice, relaxation, visualisation and positive self talk
37
What does the zone of optimal performance involve
- Flow effortlessly - The performer has a state of supreme confidence remaining calm under utmost pressure - Feels in total control of their actions and focused
38
What is the peak flow experience
Ultimate intrinsic experience felt by atheletes from a positive mental attitude, with supreme confidence, focus and efficiency
39
Factors affecting the peak flow experience
- Poor mental prep - Failure to reach optimal arousal levels - Environmental factors e.g crowd or referees descions - Injury - Fatigue
40
What is anxiety
State of nervousness and worry
41
What are the forms of anxiety
Competitive trait, competitive state, cognitive, somatic
42
What is competitive trait anxiety
A disposition to suffer from nervousness in most sporting situations
43
What is competitive state anxiety
A nervous response to specific sporting situations
44
What is somatic anxiety
A physiological response to a threat such as increased hr
45
What is cognitive anxiety
A psychological response such as worrying about losing
46
What is the link between state and trait anxiety
Someone with high trait anxiety is more likely to experience high state anxiety when in a stressful situation.
47
How does cognitive and somatic anxiety affect performance
As cognitive anxiety increases, performance decreases in a linear fashion. Somatic is in an inverted U.
48
How does cognitive and somatic anxiety vary in approach to a competition
Cognitive anxiety always remains higher than somatic. However both increase just before a competition and reduces once it is underway
49
What are the three methods of measuring anxiety in sport
Questionnaire, observation and physiological testing
50
What are advantages of using questionnaires to measure anxiety
- Quick - Cheap - Efficent as large number of players can be assessed
51
What are disadvantages of using questionnaires to measure anxiety
- Players may not understand the question and answer may not be truthful but the socially desirable answer - Answers may depend on mood state - The questions are inappropriate so biased results are given - Responses can be influenced by time taken to do al the questions e.g rushing or not
52
What is an example of an anxiety questionnaire
Competitive Sports anxiety inventory (CSCAI) with 15 statements
53
How can observation be used as a measure of anxiety
By watching sports people in their training environment or during the game
54
What are advantages of using observation to measure anxiety
- Realistic/true to life
55
What are disadvantages of using observation to measure anxiety
- Results are based on opinion of observers - Subjective - The observers need to know what the person is like normally to know change - Time consuming - Player behavior changes knowing they are being watched
56
How can physiological measures be used as a measure of anxiety
Using a physical response from the body such as hr, sweat, respiration and hormone secretion
57
What are advantages of using physiological measures to measure anxiety
- Factual so comparison can be made - Responses can be measured in training or in a game
58
What are disadvantages of using physiological measures to measure anxiety
- Training to use devices are needed - Wearing device may restrict movement - The performer knows they are being measured so may give a false reading
59
What is stress
A negative response of the body to a threat causing anxiety
60
What is a stressor
Cause of stress in sport
61
What are the cognitive stress management techniques
Thought stopping, positive self talk, imagery, visualisation, mental rehersal, attentional control/cue utilisation, psychological skills training
62
What is thought stopping
Performer uses a learned action or trigger to remove negative or irrational thoughts
63
What is positive self talk
Replace negative thought with positive thoughts
64
What is imagery
Recreate successful image of the action from a past performance, can include feel and emotions with the movement
65
What is visualisation
Performing a skill successfully in training and re lived in a competitive situation. Can be external or internal
66
What is mental rehersal
Going over the movements of a task in the mind before the action takes place
67
What is attentional control and cue utilisation
When stressed the ability to take in information reduces (attentional narrowing) unlike low stress. Taking in the correct number of cues
68
What is psychological skills training
Performer practicing any of the stress management techniques
69
What are the four two dimensions of attentional focus
* Broad - when a number of cues can be identified * Narrow - when it is best to focus on one or two cues * Internal - when information is used from within the performer * External - external focus on environmental cues.
70
What are four attentional styles
1. Broad and Internal - many cues concerning the performer 2. Narrow and Internal - one or two cues concerning the performer 3. Broad and External - when many cues are drawn from the environment 4. Narrow and External - one or two cues in the environment
71
What are the somatic stress management techniques
Biofeedback, progressive muscle relaxation, centering
72
What is biofeedback
Measuring physical changes such as hr, galvanic skin response and electromyography. Enabling the performer to recognise symptoms and reduce stress. The performer links their feelings to the machine.
73
What is progressive muscle relaxation
Alternate between state of tension and relaxation of muscles
74
What is centering
Form of breathing control diverting attention from stressful situation

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