Respiratory system

Question 1

Residual volume

Answer 1

Volume of air that remains in the lungs after maximum expiration

Question 2

Expiratory reserve

Answer 2

Volume of air that can be forcibly expired after a normal breath

Question 3

Inspiratory reserve

Answer 3

Volume of air that can be forcibly inspired after a normal breath

Question 4

Tidal volume

Answer 4

Volume of air breathed in or out per breath

Question 5

Minute ventilation

Answer 5

Volume of air inhaled or exhaled from the lungs per minute

Question 6

Residual volume after exercise

Answer 6

Remains the same

Question 7

Expiratory reserve volume after exercise

Answer 7

Slight decrease

Question 8

Inspiratory reserve volume after exercise

Answer 8

Decrease

Question 9

Tidal volume after exercise

Answer 9

Increase

Question 10

Minute volume after exercise

Answer 10

Large increase

Question 11

Passage of air through the body

Answer 11

Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

Question 12

Why are alveoli walls thin

Answer 12

Short diffusion pathway

Question 13

Why is there an extensive capillary network around alveoli

Answer 13

So there is an excellent blood supply

Question 14

Why do alveoli have a huge surface area

Answer 14

Allows greater uptake of oxygen

Question 15

What muscles are used for inspiration at rest

Answer 15

Diaphragm

External intercostals

Question 16

What muscles are used for inspiration during exercise

Answer 16

Diaphragm

External intercostals

Sternocleidomastoid

Scalenes

Pectoralis minor

Question 17

What muscles are used for expiration at rest

Answer 17

Diaphragm and external intercostals RELAX

Question 18

What muscles are used for expiration during exercise

Answer 18

Internal intercostals

Abdominals

Question 19

How to measure the volume of air we breathe in and out

Answer 19

Spirometer

Question 20

What is partial pressure

Answer 20

The pressure exerted by an individual gas when it exists within a mixture of gases

Question 21

What happens during gaseous exchange at the alveoli

Answer 21

The partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli is higher than in the capillary. This is because the oxygen has been removed by the working muscles so its concentration in blood is lower, and therefore so is the partial pressure. So oxygen will diffuse from the alveoli into the blood until pressure is equal

Carbon dioxide happens in the same way but in reverse order

Question 22

What happens during gaseous exchange at the muscles

Answer 22

The partial pressure of oxygen has to be lower at the tissues than in the blood for diffusion. This means oxygen can diffuse from the blood to the muscle until an equilibrium is reached.

Conversely, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood is lower than in the tissues so diffusion occurs and carbon dioxide moves into the blood.

Question 23

What is neural control

Answer 23

Involving the brain and nervous system

Question 24

What is chemical control

Answer 24

Concerned with the blood acidity

Question 25

How does neural and chemical regulation impact breathing

Answer 25

Increased CO2 Increase blood acidity Detected by chemoreceptors Send impulses to inspiratory center to increase ventilation

Question 26

What are proprioceptors and how do they impact breathing

Answer 26

Are sensory receptors located in the muscles and joints that provide feedback to respiratory center about the position and movement

Question 27

What are baroreceptors and how do they impact breathing

Answer 27

Detect blood pressure and a decrease can result in an increase in breathing rate

Question 28

What are stretch receptors and how do they impact breathing

Answer 28

Stretch receptors prevent over-inflation of the lungs by sending impulses to the respiratory center

Question 29

How can smoking impact the respiratory system

Answer 29

- Causes irritation of trachea and bronchi - Reduces lung function and increases breathlessness due to swelling and narrowing of the lungs' airways - Damages the cells lining (cilia) of the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles causing mucus to build up in lung passages - Damage alveoli walls increasing risk of COPD

Question 30

What is COPD

Answer 30

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Smoking affects oxygen transport as the carbon monoxide from cigarettes combines with haemoglobin in RBC's much more readily than oxygen. This reduces the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood, which increases breathlessness during exercise