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Cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

Do the atria or ventricles have thicker walls and why

A

The ventricles have thicker walls as the atria are only need to push the blood down into the ventricles so does not require as much force

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2
Q

Is the left or right side of the heart larger

A

The left side is larger as it needs to pump blood all around the body, whereas the right only pumps deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

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3
Q

What is the cardiac conduction system

A

A group of specialised cells located in the wall of the heart that send electrical impulses to the cardiac muscle so it contracts.

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4
Q

What can the heart muscle be described as and why

A

Being myogenic as it has capacity to generate its own impulses

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5
Q

What is the pathway of the electrical impulse through the heart

A

SA node
AV node
Bundle of His
Purkyne/Purkinje fibres

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6
Q

How does each stage of the cardiac conduction impact heart diastole and systole

A

An electrical signal from the SA node spreads as a wave of excitation through the walls of the atria so that they contract and force blood into the ventricles.

The impulse passes through the AV node which delays the transmission of cardiac impulse to enable the atria to contract fully before ventricular systole.

The electrical impulse passes down fibres that form the Bundle of His located in the septum.

This then branches out into purkinje fibres which spread through the ventricles causing them to contract.

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7
Q

How does adrenaline affect hr

A

It is released by the sympathetic nerves stimulating the SA node increasing the speed and force of contraction - increasing cardiac output

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8
Q

What is on average the resting stroke volume

A

70 ml

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9
Q

What are the three things that stroke volume depend upon and why

A

Venous return - more blood back to heart = more going out

Elasticity of cardiac fibres = the more they can stretch, the greater force of contraction

The contractility of cardiac tissue = the greater the contractility, the greater the force of contraction

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10
Q

What is starlings law

A

Increased venous return - greater diastolic filling of the heart - cardiac muscle stretched - more force of contraction - increased ejection fraction

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11
Q

What is ejection fraction

A

The percentage of blood pumped out by the left ventricle per beat

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12
Q

What is the average hr

A

72 bmp

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13
Q

Why does a trained individual have a greater heart rate range

A

If someone is trained they have a lower resting heart and therefore there is a larger difference in comparison to those untrained with a higher resting hr.

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14
Q

What is cardiac hypertrophy

A

The thickening of the muscular wall of the heart so it becomes bigger and stronger

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15
Q

What is bradycardia

A

A decrease in resting heart rate to below 60 beats per minute

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16
Q

At rest what is the difference of cardiac output for a trained and untrained individual

A

There isn’t any difference it is only the maximum cardiac output that is different.

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17
Q

How does the stroke volume respond to exercise

A

It will increase as exercise intensity increases until around 40-60% of maximum effort. Then it plateaus due to the increased heart rate resulting in a shorter diastolic phase so the ventricles do not have as much time to fill with blood, and can’t pump out as much.

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18
Q

What is heart disease commonly referred as

A

Coronary heart disease or CHD

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19
Q

What is coronary heart disease

A

When your coronary arteries which supply the heart with oxygenated blood become blocked or start to narrow due to fatty-deposits building up - called atherosclerosis

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20
Q

What is atherosclerosis

A

Occurs when arteries harden and narrow due to being clogged up by fatty deposits (atheroma)

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21
Q

What is atheroma

A

A fatty deposit found in the inner lining of an artery

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22
Q

What is angina

A

Chest pain that occurs when the blood supply through the coronary arteries to the muscles of the heart is restricted

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23
Q

What happens if atheroma breaks off in the coronary artery

A

It can cause a blood clot meaning there is a blockage, cutting off supply of oxygenated blood and causing a heart attack

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24
Q

What is blood pressure

A

The force exerted by the blood against the blood vessel wall. The pressure comes from the heart as it pumps blood around the body

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25
Why is high blood pressure bad
It puts extra strain on the arteries and heart therefore if left untreated increases the risk of a heart attack, heart failure, kidney disease, stroke or dementia
26
What are the two types of choelsterol
Low density lipoproteins and High density lipoproteins
27
What is LDL
It transports cholesterol in the blood to the tissues and therefore classed as 'bad' - linked to heart disease
28
What is HDL
It transports excess cholesterol in the blood back to the liver to be broken down and therefore classed as 'good'
29
What is a stroke
When the blood supply to the brain is cut off
30
What are the two main types of strokes
Ischaemic and haemorrhagic
31
What is a ischaemic stroke
The most common form of strokes which occur when a blood clot stops the blood supply
32
What is a haemorrhagic stroke
Occurs when a weakened blood vessel supplying the brain bursts
33
What is steady state
When the athlete is able to meet the oxygen demand with the oxygen supply
34
What is cardiovascular drift
It occurs after prolonged exercise in a warm environment causing a progressive decrease in stroke volume and arterial blood pressure, with a progressive rise in heart rate. This happens due to the loss of plasma volume through sweat decreases venous return and stroke volume meaning heart rate will increase to compensate and maintain a higher cardiac output. This is in attempt to cool the body down
35
How do you minimise cardiovascular drift.
You must maintain high fluid consumption before and during exercise
36
What are the two types of circulation
Pulmonary and systemic
37
What is pulmonary circulation
Deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs and oxygenated blood back to the heart
38
What is systemic circulation
Oxygenated blood to the body from the heart and then the return of deoxygenated blood back from the body to the heart
39
Vascular system blood vessels order
Heart - Arteries - Arterioles - Capillaries - Venules - Veins - Heart
40
Equation for blood pressure
Blood flow x resistance
41
Typical blood pressure reading at rest
120/80 mmHG
42
What is venous return
The return of blood to the right side of the heart via the vena cava
43
What are the mechanisms that help with venous return
Skeletal muscle pump Respiratory pump Valves Smooth muscle Suction pump Gravity
44
What is the skeletal muscle pump
When muscles contract and relax they change shape meaning they press on nearby veins. This causes a pumping effect to squeeze blood to the heart
45
What is the respiratory pump
When the muscles contract and relax during inspiration and expiration, there are pressure changes in the thoracic and abdominal cavities. This compresses nearby veins assisting blood flow back to the heart
46
What is the role of valves in venous return
It ensures blood flows in one direction. The presence of valves means it is done by them closing to prevent backflow of blood
47
How does smooth muscle help venous return
It squeezes blood back to the heart
48
How does gravity help venous return
Helps blood return to the heart from the upper body
49
What are the components used at rest for venous return
Only valves and smooth muscle are required
50
Impact of blood pressure on venous return
When systolic blood pressure blood pressure increases, there is an increase in venous return, and when systolic pressure decreases there is a decrease in venous return
51
What happens at the capillaries and skeletal muscle to saturate the muscle with oxygen
Haemoglobin when fully saturated will carry four oxygen molecules which will occur during high partial pressure of oxygen in the blood. At the tissues, oxygen is released from oxyhaemoglobin due to the lower pressure of oxygen there. Oxygen will disassociate from haemoglobin and diffuse to the muscle stored by myoglobin.
52
What is bohr shift
When an increase in blood carbon dioxide and a decrease in pH results in a reduction of the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen. The curve shifts to the right as the muscles require more oxygen.
53
What three factors are responsible for an increase of oxygen disassociation
Increase in blood temperature Partial pressure of carbon dioxide increases pH
54
Redistribution of blood occurs by...
Vascular shunt mechanism
55
What are the two processes that also redistribute blood controlled by the vasomotor centre
Vasoconstriction and vasodilation
56
What vessels control vasoconstriction and vasodilation
Arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters
57
Why is redistribution of blood important (4)
- Increases the supply of oxygen to working muscles - Remove waste products from the muscles such as carbon dioxide and lactic acid - Ensures more blood goes to the skin during exercise to regulate body temperature and get rid of heat through radiation, evaporation and sweating - Direct more blood to the heart as it is a muscle ad requires extra oxygen during exercise
58
What is arterio-venous difference (A-VO2 diff)
The difference between the oxygen content of the arterial blood arriving at the muscles and the venous blood leaving the muscles.
59
What is the level of A-VO2 difference at rest
It is quite low as not much oxygen is required by the muscles
60
What is the level of A-VO2 difference during exercise
High due to the requirement of oxygen from the muscles which increases gaseous exchange
61
Do trained performers have a higher or lower A-VO2 difference to untrained
Trained = greater as can extract greater oxygen from the blood

Pe (15 decks)

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