Psychological Perspectives

Question 1

consists of all characteristics of a person

Answer 1

self

Question 2

refers to who a person is, representing a synthesis, and integration of self-understanding

Answer 2

identity

Question 3

refers to the enduring personal characteristics of individuals, encompasses the self, and one’s identity.

Answer 3

personality

Question 4

is the cognitive representation of the self, the substance of self-conceptions (E.g. “She is a 22-year-old, single Catholic Filipina working student passionate about animal rights”);

Answer 4

self-understanding

Question 5

it is based on the roles we play and group membership

Answer 5

self-understanding

Question 6

provides underpinnings for the development of identity

Answer 6

self-understanding

Question 7

I am a 13 year-old student, a boy, a football player, a family member, a video game lover, and a movie fan

Answer 7

self-understanding

Question 8

Early childhood self-understanding is characterized by:

Answer 8

-concrete/observable descriptions
-physical descriptions
-unrealistic positive over-estimations of personal attributes

Question 9

concrete/observable descriptions

Answer 9

early childhood

Question 10

physical descriptions

Answer 10

early childhood

Question 11

unrealistic positive over-estimations of personal attributes

Answer 11

early childhood

Question 12

Young children ___, ___, ___, ___

Answer 12

-Have difficulty in differentiating their desired and actual competence
-Cannot yet generate an ideal self that is distinguished from a real
self
-Rarely engaged in Social Comparison (ego centrism)
-Have the inability to recognize that they can possess opposite attributes

Question 13

people Describe themselves using Traits

Answer 13

Late Childhood

Question 14

people use social descriptions - references to social groups

Answer 14

Late Childhood

Question 15

Engage in Social Comparison – thinking what they can do in comparison with others

Answer 15

Late Childhood

Question 16

Distinguish between Real & Ideal Selves – differentiating their actual competencies from those they aspire to have

Answer 16

Late Childhood

Question 17

More Realistic because of increased social comparison and perspective-taking

Answer 17

Late Childhood

Question 18

Characterized by Abstract and Idealistic Thinking (e.g., I’m sensitive, I am indecisive)

Answer 18

Adolescence

Question 19

CHaracterized by self-consciousness

Answer 19

adoolescence

Question 20

characterized by contradictions within the self– differentiating their concept of the self into multiple roles in different relationship contexts

Answer 20

adolescence

Question 21

Characterized by The fluctuating Self – the adolescent self continues to be characterized by instability until the adolescent constructs a more unified theory of self

Answer 21

adolescence

Question 22

Characterized by Real and Ideal Selves: Possible self – includes what they might become, what they are afraid of becoming (e.g., Mooney Problem Checklist results)

Answer 22

Adolescence

Question 23

Characterized by Self-integration – achieved in late adolescence or emerging adulthood, which results to an integrated sense of identity

Answer 23

Adolescence

Question 24

Characterized by Importance of Self-awareness

Answer 24

Adulthood

Question 25

Characterized by Possible selves

Answer 25

Adulthood

Question 26

What they would like to become; oftentimes unrealistic at first

Answer 26

Young adult

Question 27

Possible selves in terms of areas in which they already have performed (e.g., Being good at my work, Having a good marriage);

Answer 27

Middle-aged

Question 28

trying to attain hoped-for selves

Answer 28

MIddle-aged

Question 29

Concerned with maintaining what they have and preventing/avoiding health problems and dependency

Answer 29

Older Adults

Question 30

Describes a person’s position in the development of an Identity

Answer 30

Identity Status (James Marcia)

Question 31

2 dimensions of Identity Status

Answer 31

-Exploration -Commitment

Question 32

refers to a person’s investigating various options for a career and for personal values

Answer 32

Exploration

Question 33

involves making a decision about which identity path to follow, and making a personal investment in attaining that identity

Answer 33

Commitment

Question 34

Has the person made a commitment? YES Has the person explored meaningful alternatives regarding some identity options? YES

Answer 34

Identity Achievement

Question 35

Has the person made a commitment? YES Has the person explored meaningful alternatives regarding some identity options? NO

Answer 35

Identity Foreclosure

Question 36

Has the person made a commitment? NO Has the person explored meaningful alternatives regarding some identity options? YES

Answer 36

Identity moratorium

Question 37

Has the person made a commitment? NO Has the person explored meaningful alternatives regarding some identity options? NO

Answer 37

Identity Diffusion

Question 38

the way you think about yourself and your abilities or appearance

Answer 38

Self-concept

Question 39

one's conception of oneself or of one's role

Answer 39

self-concept

Question 40

It is dynamic and forever changing

Answer 40

Ideal Self

Question 41

This is the kind of person whom we would like to be

Answer 41

Ideal Self

Question 42

It is an idealized version of yourself created out of what you have learned from your life experiences, the demands of society, and what you admire in your role models.

Answer 42

Ideal Self

Question 43

It is the self that feels most true to what and who we really are

Answer 43

Real Self

Question 44

It refers to how we think, feel, and look

Answer 44

Real Self

Question 45

The underlying organismic self: What a person is capable of becoming if they lived in an ideal world. An individual would have lived in an environment of unconditional positive regard

Answer 45

Real Self

Question 46

when ideal self is closer to real self

Answer 46

congruence

Question 47

when feelings are not aligned with our actions

Answer 47

incongruence

Question 48

He pieced together a theory of self that is remarkably modern

Answer 48

William James

Question 49

In his book ______, William James discusses the manifold nature of the self

Answer 49

The Principles of Psychology (1890)

Question 50

William james Theory, 2 main categories

Answer 50

-"ME" self -"I" self

Question 51

William James refers to the aspects of someone that come from that person's experiences

Answer 51

"ME" Self

Question 52

William James refers to the the thinking self

Answer 52

"I" self

Question 53

3 divisions of "ME" self

Answer 53

-material self -social self -spiritual self

Question 54

“In its widest possible sense, however, a man's self is the ________, not only his body and his psychic powers, but his clothes and his house, his wife and children, his ancestors and friends, his reputation and works, his lands and horses, and yacht and bank account. All these things give him the same emotions.”

Answer 54

sum total of all that he can call his (William James)

Question 55

Four components of the self

Answer 55

-material self -spiritual self -social self - pure ego

Question 56

consists of things that belong to us or that we belong to.

Answer 56

material self

Question 57

Things like ___, ___, ___, ___are some of what makes up our material selves

Answer 57

family, clothes, our body, and money

Question 58

are who we are in a given social situation. For James, people change how they act depending on the social situation that they are in.

Answer 58

Social self

Question 59

is who we are at our core. It is more concrete or permanent, it is our most subjective and intimate self.

Answer 59

Spiritual self

Question 60

Aspects of an individual's spiritual self include things like ___, ___, ___.

Answer 60

personality, core values, and conscience

Question 61

He proposed the Person-centered Theory oof Personality

Answer 61

Carl Rogers

Question 62

Carl Rogers proposed that to be a fully functioning person, one must experience ___, ___, ___

Answer 62

genuineness (authenticity), empathy, and unconditional positive regard.