Psychological Problems

Question 1

What is required for a diagnosis of depression according to ICD 10?

Answer 1

At least one main symptom must be present most of the time on most days for 2 weeks.

Question 2

What are the main symptoms of depression?

Answer 2

• Lowering of mood
• Lack of energy even after resting
• Lack of motivation to do things

Question 3

What is the main aim of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)?

Answer 3

Help the patient change the way they act to improve their symptoms.

Question 4

How does changing behavior in CBT affect a patient’s thoughts?

Answer 4

Changing behavior helps the patient change their thoughts.

Question 5

What can changing biased negative thoughts lead to in CBT?

Answer 5

It can help the patient change their feelings so they feel happier.

Question 6

What are the symptoms displayed in mild depression?

Answer 6

4 symptoms displayed.

Question 7

What are the symptoms displayed in moderate depression?

Answer 7

5 or 6 symptoms displayed.

Question 8

What constitutes severe depression?

Answer 8

7 or more symptoms, plus general feelings of worthlessness.

Question 9

List some other symptoms associated with unipolar depression.

Answer 9

• Feeling suicidal
• Poor appetite or increased appetite
• Acting nervously
• Extreme tiredness
• Feelings of guilt
• Poor sleep
• Lack of self-esteem
• Not enjoying previous activities

Question 10

What is the cognitive triad in Beck’s cognitive model?

Answer 10

Negative views of the self, the world, and the future.

Question 11

What is schema theory in relation to depression?

Answer 11

It suggests that a person with depression might have irrational thoughts and beliefs leading to cognitive errors.

Question 12

What does the stress-diathesis model suggest?

Answer 12

Inheritance is partly or wholly the cause of depression through a genotype or interaction between genes and the environment.

Question 13

What is the role of SSRIs in drug therapies for depression?

Answer 13

They block the reuptake of serotonin, making more available in the synaptic gap.

Question 14

What is the estimated effectiveness of SSRIs in treating imbalances in serotonin?

Answer 14

Around 60% effectiveness.

Question 15

What is the significance of the 5 HTT gene?

Answer 15

It is associated with depression.

Question 16

What are the withdrawal symptoms associated with addiction?

Answer 16

• Physical shaking
• Sweating
• Vomiting

Question 17

To be diagnosed as an addict, how many symptoms must be present?

Answer 17

At least three symptoms must be present for 1 month or on repeated occasions over a year.

Question 18

What are the three main ways we learn behaviors according to learning theories?

Answer 18

• Operant conditioning
• Classical conditioning
• Social learning theory

Question 19

What is operant conditioning?

Answer 19

Learning by the consequence of reinforcement or punishment.

Question 20

What is a reinforcement in operant conditioning?

Answer 20

A reward or the removal of something unpleasant that encourages behavior.

Question 21

What is the role of social learning theory in addiction?

Answer 21

We learn through observation and imitation of our role models.

Question 22

What is classical conditioning?

Answer 22

Learning through the association of two or more things together.

Question 23

What is detoxification in the context of addiction treatment?

Answer 23

When an addict tries to stop taking the substance they are addicted to.

Question 24

What are nicotine patches used for?

Answer 24

To replace nicotine in cigarettes gradually.

Question 25

What is the aim of CBT in treating addiction?

Answer 25

To give the patient control of stopping their addictive behavior.

Question 26

What does research suggest about the effectiveness of CBT for internet addiction?

Answer 26

CBT is effective both in the short term and up to 6 months after treatment.

Question 27

What is a common criticism of using only CBT for addiction treatment?

Answer 27

It could be reductionist, ignoring withdrawal symptoms.

Question 28

What role does genetics play in mental illness according to the document?

Answer 28

There is a higher risk of developing depression if a family member has been diagnosed.

Question 29

What is the impact of mental illness on individuals and society?

Answer 29

* Stigmatization * Criminal behavior * Impaired functioning in life * Cost to the NHS

Question 30

What factors influence the incidence of mental illness?

Answer 30

* LGBTQ+ * Physical health problems * Ethnic minorities * Refugees * Carers * Homeless individuals

Question 31

What does CBT stand for?

Answer 31

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy ## Footnote CBT is a type of psychotherapy that helps individuals identify and change negative thought patterns and behaviors.

Question 32

What is the primary aim of CBT in treating addiction?

Answer 32

To give the patient control of stopping their addictive behaviour ## Footnote CBT empowers patients by teaching them skills that can be reused in the future.

Question 33

What did Young (2007) find about the effectiveness of CBT for internet addiction?

Answer 33

CBT was effective for treating internet addiction in the short term and up to 6 months after treatment ## Footnote This suggests lasting benefits from CBT interventions.

Question 34

What is a potential drawback of using CBT alone for addiction treatment?

Answer 34

It could be reductionist ## Footnote This means it might oversimplify the problem by not addressing other factors like withdrawal symptoms.

Question 35

What might improve treatment outcomes for patients dealing with withdrawal symptoms?

Answer 35

Drug therapies like nicotine patches ## Footnote These therapies can help manage physical withdrawal symptoms more effectively.

Question 36

How can a lack of motivation affect the effectiveness of CBT?

Answer 36

It may make committing to CBT difficult ## Footnote Without motivation, patients may struggle to engage fully with the treatment process.

Question 37

What did Morgenstern and Longabaugh (2000) find regarding alcoholics after CBT?

Answer 37

They showed the ability to cope with their addiction but did not always put these skills into practice ## Footnote This indicates a gap between understanding and action in addiction recovery.

Question 38

What are the two main stages of CBT for addiction?

Answer 38

* Functional analysis * Skills training ## Footnote These stages help identify triggers and teach coping strategies.

Question 39

What does functional analysis in CBT involve?

Answer 39

Identifying trigger people, places, and emotions associated with addiction ## Footnote This helps patients recognize situations that may provoke addictive behaviors.

Question 40

What skills might be taught during skills training in CBT?

Answer 40

* Assertiveness * Saying no to temptation * Coping with cravings * Improving motivation ## Footnote These skills are essential for managing addiction and resisting urges.

Question 41

How does CBT relate to mental illnesses beyond addiction?

Answer 41

It can be used to treat many mental illnesses and unwanted behaviours ## Footnote CBT addresses a range of issues by focusing on the relationship between thoughts, behaviors, and emotions.

Question 42

What assumption does CBT make about the relationship between thoughts, behaviors, and emotions?

Answer 42

Our thoughts drive our behaviours, which in turn drive our emotions ## Footnote This highlights the interconnectedness of cognitive and emotional processes.

Question 43

Fill in the blank: CBT aims to help people understand the _______ for their addictive behaviours.

Answer 43

triggers ## Footnote Understanding triggers is crucial for managing and controlling addictive behaviors.