Psychology Flashcards
(122 cards)
1
Q
It refers to how individuals think, feel, and behave in specific ways.
A
Personality
2
Q
It refers on how we approach the world, interpret events, and act consistently across situations. It is long term, stable, and not easily changed.
A
Personality
3
Q
The word personality comes from the Latin word _____.
A
Persona
4
Q
He said that personality traits and human behaviors are based on four separate temperaments
A
Hippocrates
5
Q
What are the four separate temperaments?
A
Choleric
Melancholic
Sanguine
Phlegmatic
6
Q
Where did choleric temperament came from?
A
yellow bile from liver
7
Q
Where did melancholic temperament came from?
A
black bile from kidneys
8
Q
Where did sanguine temperament came from?
A
red blood from heart
9
Q
Where did phlegmatic temperament came from?
A
white phlegm from lungs
10
Q
The influential Greek physician and philosopher who suggests that both diseases and personality differences could be explained by imbalances in the humors.
A
Galen
11
Q
According to Galen, what the characteristics of _______ person are being passionate, ambitious, and bold.
A
choleric
12
Q
According to Galen, what the characteristics of _______ person are being reserved, anxious, and unhappy.
A
melancholic
13
Q
According to Galen, what the characteristics of _______ person are being joyful, eager, and optimistic.
A
sanguine
14
Q
According to Galen, the characteristics of _______ person are being calm, reliable, and thoughtful.
A
phlegmatic
15
Q
A German physician who proposed that the distances between bumps on the skull reveal a person’s personality traits, character, and mental abilities.
A
Franz Gall
16
Q
The pseudoscience of measuring the areas of a person’s skull is called ________.
A
Phrenology
17
Q
The 2 pioneers who agreed and contributed to the development of Galen’s four primary temperament types.
A
Immanuel Kant
Wilhelm Wundt
18
Q
He agreed with Hippocrates that everyone could be sorted into one of the four temperaments and that there was no overlap between the categories.
A
Immanuel Kant
19
Q
He suggested that personality could be achieved using two major axes: emotional/non-emotional and changeable/unchangeable.
A
Wilhelm Wundt
20
Q
What are the 2 major axes?
A
Emotional and Non-emotional
Changeable and Unchangeable
21
Q
The first axis separated ________ from ________ emotions.
A
Strong; weak
22
Q
The second aid divided the ________ temperaments from the ________ ones.
A
changeable; unchangeable
23
Q
His psychodynamic perspective of personality was the first comprehensive theory of personality, explaining a wide variety of both normal and abnormal behaviors. Who is he?
A
Sigmund Freud
24
Q
He said that unconscious drives influenced by sex and aggression, and childhood experiences, are the forces that influence our personality.
A
Sigmund Freud
25
According to Freud, what are the forces that influence our personality?
sex and aggression
childhood experiences
26
Freud worked with ________, a Viennese physician.
Josef Breuer
27
What is the real name of Anna O. ?
Bertha Pappenheim
28
She was one of Breuer’s patients and was experiencing partial paralysis, headaches, blurred vision, amnesia, and hallucinations.
Anna O.
29
What cure did Breuer discovered that allows Anna O. to talk which relieves her symptoms?
Talking Cure
30
The story of Anna O. was the basis of Freud and Breuer's 1895 book, _______.
Studies on Hysteria
31
Freud compared our Level of Consciousness to an ________.
iceberg
32
According to Freud, how much of our mind is conscious?
one-tenth; the rest is unconscious
33
According to Freud, it is the mental activity of which we are unaware and are unable to access.
Unconscious
34
According to Freud, it is the process where unacceptable urges and desires are kept in our unconscious.
Repression
35
We sometimes say things that we don’t intend to say by unintentionally substituting another word for the one we meant. This phenomenon is called ________.
Freudian slip
36
What are the 3 interacting systems in our minds?
ID
EGO
SUPEREGO
37
One of the 3 interacting systems which operates on the pleasure principle; unconscious drives.
ID
38
One of the 3 interacting systems which operates on the reality principle; who you are, or self
EGO
39
One of the 3 interacting systems which operates on the morality principle.
SUPEREGO
40
It is an unconscious protective behavior that aims to reduce anxiety. We are not aware that we are using them.
Defense Mechanism
41
Refusing to accept real events because they are unpleasant. What kind of defense mechanism is this?
Denial
42
Transferring inappropriate urges or behaviors onto a more acceptable or less threatening target (an entity). What kind of defense mechanism is this?
Displacement
43
Attributing negative emotions, thoughts, or behaviors with another person. What kind of defense mechanism is this?
Projection
44
Justifying behaviors by substituting acceptable reasons for less - acceptable real reasons. What kind of defense mechanism is this?
Rationalization
45
Reducing anxiety by adopting beliefs contrary to your own beliefs. What kind of defense mechanism is this?
Reaction Formation
46
Returning to coping strategies for less mature stages of development. What kind of defense mechanism is this?
Regression
47
Suppressing painful memories and thoughts. What kind of defense mechanism is this?
Repression
48
Redirecting unacceptable desires through socially acceptable channels. What kind of defense mechanism is this?
Sublimation
49
What are the 4 Major Personality Perspectives?
Psychoanalytic Perspective
Humanistic Perspective
Trait Perspective
Social Cognitive Perspective
50
It emphasizes the importance of early childhood experiences and the unconscious mind. What Personality Perspective is this?
Psychoanalytic Perspective
51
Focuses on psychological growth, free will, and personal awareness. What Personality Perspective is this?
Humanistic Perspective
52
It takes a more positive outlook on human nature and is centered on how each person can achieve their individual potential. What Personality Perspective is this?
Humanistic Perspective
53
Centered on identifying, describing, and measuring the specific traits that make up human personality. What Personality Perspective is this?
Trait Perspective
54
Emphasizes the importance of observational learning, self-efficacy, situational influences, and cognitive processes. What Personality Perspective is this?
Social Cognitive Perspective
55
Who created the Psychoanalytic Perspective?
Sigmund Freud
56
What do you call to the theorists who believed in the importance of the unconscious, but disagreed with Freud?
Neo-Freudians Theorists
57
Who are the Neo-Freudians Theorists?
Erik Erikson
Carl Jung
Alfred Adler
Karen Horney
58
Theorist under Psychoanalytic Perspective who focused on the importance of early childhood events, the influence of the unconscious, and sexual instincts in the development and formation of personality.
Sigmund Freud
59
Theorist under Psychoanalytic Perspective who focused on social elements of personality development, the identity crisis, and how personality is shaped over the course of the entire lifespan.
Erik Erikson
60
Theorist under Psychoanalytic Perspective who focused on collective unconscious, archetypes, and psychological types.
Carl Jung
61
Theorist under Psychoanalytic Perspective who focused on striving for superiority, or the desire to overcome challenges and move closer toward self-realization.
Alfred Adler
62
Theorist under Psychoanalytic Perspective who focused on overcoming basic anxiety, the sense of being isolated and alone in the world.
Karen Horney
63
According to Adler, the desire to achieve superiority stems from underlying feelings of ________ that Adler believed were universal.
inferiority
64
Theorist under Humanistic Perspective who emphasized the importance of free will and psychological growth.
Carl Rogers
65
Theorist under Humanistic Perspective who believed in the inherent goodness of people
Carl Rogers
66
Theorist under Humanistic Perspective who suggested that people are motivated by a hierarchy of needs.
Abraham Maslow
67
Theorist under Trait Perspective who suggested that there are three dimensions of personality.
Hans Eysenck
68
Theorist under Trait Perspective who identified the 16 personality traits.
Raymond Cattell
69
Theorists under Trait Perspective who introduced the big five theory, which identifies five key dimensions of personality.
Robert McCrae
Paul Costa
70
Theorist under Social Cognitive Perspective who focused on the importance of social learning, or learning through observation.
Albert Bandura
71
Theorist under Social Cognitive Perspective who emphasized the role of conscious thoughts including self-efficacy, or our own beliefs in our abilities.
Albert Bandura
72
What are the three dimensions of personality?
Extraversion-introversion
Emotional stability-neuroticism
Psychoticism
73
According to Cattell, this is utilized to understand and measure individual differences in personality.
16 personality traits
74
What are the five key dimensions of personality?
Extraversion
Neuroticism
Openness to experience
Conscientiousness
Agreeableness
75
What are the Psychosexual Stages of Development?
Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latency
Genital
76
It is where pleasure seeking urges, focused on a different area of the body.
Erogenous Zone
77
It refers to the chewing of objects, which is experienced during Birth to 1 year.
Oral aggressive
78
It refers to the taking up oral activities; smoking, eating, drinking, which is experienced during Birth to 1 year.
Oral passive
79
What ages does toilet training occur?
1 to 3 years old
80
It refers to the obsession with cleanliness, which is under the Anal Stage.
Anal retentive
81
It characterized by messy, careless, disorganized, and prone to emotional outbursts, which is under the Anal Stage.
Anal-expulsive personality
82
What Psychosexual Stage of Development does children experience difficulty controlling their impulses and get in trouble?
Anal Stage
83
Children become aware of their bodies. Recognize the difference between girls and boys. They feel desire or jealousy. What Psychosexual Stage of Development is this?
Phallic stage
84
Males view father as competition for affection from mother. What phenomenon is this?
Oedipus complex
85
Fear that father will castrate if child expresses his jealousy of father. What phenomenon is this?
Castration Anxiety
86
Proposed by Carl Jung, girls are attracted to their fathers and see their mothers as competition. What phenomenon is this?
Electra Complex
87
Girls get jealous of boys that they do not have a penis. What phenomenon is this?
Penis Envy
88
No conflicts. Child learning hobbies, developing friendships, and growing. Consolidate gender role identity. What Psychosexual Stage of Development is this?
Latency Stage
89
Sexual reawakening. Have mature sexual interests, strong desire for the opposite sex. What Psychosexual Stage of Development is this?
Genital Stage
90
A colleague of Freud. First major theorist to break away from Freud. First president of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society. Who is this?
Alfred Adler
91
Alfred Adler is the first president of the ________.
Vienna Psychoanalytic Society
92
Alfred Adler founded ________ school, which focuses on our drive to compensate feeling of inferiority.
Individual Psychology
93
According to Adler, this is the feeling that they lack worth or they don’t measure up to the standards.
Inferiority complex
94
According to Adler, this is what drives people to attempt to gain superiority and force behind our emotions thoughts behavior.
Inferiority complex
95
What are the 3 fundamental social tasks?
Occupational task
Societal tasks
Love tasks
96
A fundamental social task that focuses on careers.
Occupational task
97
A fundamental social task that focuses on friendship.
Societal tasks
98
A fundamental social task that focuses on finding an intimate partner for a long term relationship.
Love tasks
99
What is the name of Freud's daughter?
Anna Freud
100
He met with Freud's daughter. Proposed psychosocial theory of development. Who is this?
Erik Erikson
101
This theory suggests that individual’s personality develops throughout the lifespan. It also focuses on the social relationships that are important at each stage of personality development.
Psychosocial Theory of Development
102
The study on how people affect one another and influence an individual’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
Social Psychology
103
It refers to the emotions, attitudes, the self, how we think about others and ourselves.
Intrapersonal
104
It refers to helping behavior, aggression, prejudice, discrimination, attraction, relationships; Dyads and groups
Interpersonal
105
It refers to the behavior pattern expected of a person in a given setting. Could be as a student, parent, teacher, etc.
Social Role
106
It refers to a culture’s shared knowledge of an individual’s expected behavior in a specific role. Group’s expectations; acceptable behavior; how they should behave and think.
Social Norms
107
It refers to the evaluation of a person, idea, object which could be positive or negative. It can be influenced by external and internal forces that we control.
Attitude
108
What are the 3 components of Attitude?
Affective
Behavioral
Cognitive
109
It refers to the changing our attitude towards something through communication. Usually comes from outside forces.
Persuasion
110
It refers on how we convince others to change their behavior, belief, attitude.
Persuasion
111
It refers to a negative attitude and feeling toward an individual based solely on one’s membership in a particular social group.
Prejudice
112
It refers to a specific belief or assumption about individuals based solely on their membership in a group, regardless of their characteristics.
Stereotype
113
It refers to the adverse action toward an individual
due to one’s membership in a particular group.
Discrimination
114
Sometimes people will act on their prejudiced attitudes toward a group of people, and this behavior is known as ________.
Discrimination
115
It refers to the prejudice and discrimination against an individual based solely on one’s membership in a specific racial group
Racism
116
Blacks are significantly more likely to have their vehicles searched during traffic stops than Whites. What type of Prejudice and Discrimination is this?
Racism
117
It refers to the prejudice and discrimination toward individuals based on their sex.
Sexism
118
Women are expected to be friendly, passive, and nurturing. When women behave unfriendly, assertively, or neglectful, they are often disliked for violating their gender role. What type of Prejudice and Discrimination is this?
Sexism
119
Women are less likely to be hired or promoted in male-dominated professions such as engineering, aviation, and construction. What type of Prejudice and Discrimination is this?
Sexism
120
It refers to the prejudice and discrimination toward
individuals based solely on their age. We form judgments and hold expectations about people based on their age. What type of Prejudice and Discrimination is this?
Ageism
121
It refers to the prejudice and discrimination of individuals based solely on their sexual orientation.
Homophobia
122
Exclusion of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people from social groups and the avoidance of LGBT neighbors and co-workers. What type of Prejudice and Discrimination is this?
Homophobia
