PSYCHOLOGY

Question 1

Define Social Psychology

Answer 1

scientific study of ones thoughts, feelings and behaviors based on how one interacts with the presence of people or the thought of presence

Question 2

In what two ways do we explain peoples behavior?

Answer 2

External (situational) attribution- credits/blames situation

Internal (dispositional) attribution-
credits/blames persons character

Question 3

Fundamental Attribution Error- Feynman

Answer 3

When explaining others behaviors we often overestimate internal attribution (persons characters/traits) versus Situationa

Question 4

Spotlight Effect

Answer 4

Overestimate of how much people evaluate and view us

Question 5

Regarding emotions what is the facts about how it relates to how others make us feel?

Answer 5

Emotions are contagious, because of others emotions your feelings and thoughts can change

Question 6

What causes Empathy?

Answer 6

The ability to feel what others feel

Question 7

In what 3 ways do people influence our behavior?

Answer 7

Obedience, Compliance, and Conformity

Question 8

Compliance, Obedience, and Conformity - Feynman

Answer 8

Obedience is behavior change due to taking orders from authority

Question 9

What are the reasons people listen to influence of behavior (obedience and conformity)?

Answer 9

Obedience- to gain informational intelligence, Confrmity- to be right or to be liked

Question 10

Why do people conform?

Answer 10

Intelligence Influence and Normative Influence

Question 11

External (situational) attribution vs Internal (dispositional) attribution

Answer 11

External is giving credit/blame to situation while Internal is giving credit/blame to persons traits

Question 12

What is science?

Answer 12

Science is the systematic study of the world through experimentation and observation

Question 13

What are some ways that our casual observations might be biased?

Answer 13

Because of the many errors flaws in our thinking
Hindsight Bias “I knew it along” and Overconfidence bias “we think we know more than we do”

Question 14

When did Psychology become a science?

Answer 14

1879 (First psychological lab)
Allowed to measure people’s reaction to stimuli

Question 15

What were the two early schools of thought in psychology and what was each school’s goal?

Answer 15

Structuralism-wanted to see structure of humans mind
Introspection- reporting of feelings and did not work because it was believed to be prone to bias

Functionalism- interested in function of human mind

Question 16

What is introspection and what were some problems with this method?

Answer 16

Introspection was looking at feelings and emotionis when exposed to external situations and did not work becauseit was prone to bias

Question 17

Physcology today

Answer 17

focuses on cognitive and behavior

Question 18

What is “Behaviorism”?

Answer 18

scientist begin to look outside- mind behaviorism is observable behavior

Question 19

What was a consequence of the “Cognitive Revolution”

Answer 19

Scientist begin to look at both behavior and inner thoughts + feelings

Question 20

Descriptive methods

Answer 20

objectively describe behavior, feelings, etc as they are

Question 21

Theory

Answer 21

big idea that summarizes observations/what we saw

Question 22

Hypothesis

Answer 22

More specific prediction based on theory

Question 23

Data

Answer 23

what we measure/observe that supports rejects or revises theory - data supports or rejects theory

Question 24

What does it mean to say that science is a “self-correcting” process?

Answer 24

through new evidence and experiements theories of the past can be refined and changed

Question 25

Descriptive methods

Question 26

What were the two main types of descriptive methods discussed in class?

Answer 26

Surveys/Interviews- asks people to report behavior and feelings Random sapmpling- selecting random set from population to fairly show populations interest

Question 27

Correlation methods-

Answer 27

show how two variables correlate with each other and can predict another Positive- as one goes up one goes up Zero correlation-no relationship pattern seen Negative- as one goes up another goes down

Question 29

Experimental methods

Answer 29

test for cause and effect

Question 30

Dependent variable and IV

Answer 30

The dependent variable depends on the independent variable. The independent variable stands on its own, so it does not depend on anything. The dependent is the result of the independent variable.

Question 31

What is Social Psychology?

Answer 31

Scientific study of our thoughts feelings and behaviors influenced by where we are and who we are with (social situations)

Question 32

Bystander Effect and “Reciprocity norm”

Answer 32

Bystander effect”= less likely to help when others are present vs alone“ Reciprocity norm”=asking for larger favor in order to get smaller favor

Question 33

Describe what is meant by emotional contagion. Is there any evidence that other peoples’ emotions can cause a change in our emotional experiences? If so, what has this research found? How does the presence of others affect the intensity of our emotions?

Answer 33

Emotions are contagious and effect how we feel and how hard we feel it Because we are able to feel what other feels we can empathize with others

Question 34

Describe Stanley Milgram’s (1974) obedience experiments. Approximately what percentage of participants were willing to follow the orders in Milgram’s original study? Were similar results obtained when Milgram’s experiments were repeated?

Answer 34

tested when/why people will inflict harm on others if directed by an authority-65%

Question 35

When and why do people obey

Answer 35

Authority and victim Informational Influence

Question 36

Define “normative” and “informational” influences.

Answer 36

normative is conforming to be liked and informational is conforming to right

Question 37

What conditions increase the likelihood that people will conform to social influence?

Answer 37

Smaller vs. larger group sizes? – Feel incompetent or insecure? – Collectivism vs. Individualism

Question 38

Personality

Answer 38

ones unique patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving is personality

Question 39

What do Personality Psychologists study? How does Personality Psychology compare to Social Psychology?

Answer 39

Personality Psychology- focuses on person Vs social psychology focuses on how person interacts when others are involved

Question 40

Psychodynamic Theories

Answer 40

dynamic interaction between the conscious and unconscious minds

Question 41

Describe Freud’s view of “the unconscious.” According to Freud, what are the id, ego, and superego?

Answer 41

Freud believed most mind is hidden (unconscious) 1, Id: unconsciously drives us to seek pleasure, immediate gratification 2. Superego: focuses on ideals and how we “ought to” or how are we supposed to behave 3. Ego: finds balance between superego and id, satisfy id desires without long term cost

Question 42

What assessments do psychodynamic theorists use to study personality?

Answer 42

Psychodynamic assessments to study personality by studying unconscious

Question 43

Projective test

Answer 43

Explanation after image is shown assumes to show inner/feelings thoughts

Question 44

What are two examples of projective tests?

Answer 44

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), Rorschach Inkblot Test

Question 45

The “Big Five” Personality Factors

Answer 45

(CANOE) Conscientiousness (organized, careful, discipline), Agreeableness (helpful, soft-hearted, trusting) Neuroticism (Anxious, insecure, self pitying), Openness (imaginitive, prefers variety, independent), Extraversion (sociable, fun-loving affectionate)

Question 46

How do modern psychologists view Freud’s ideas?

Answer 46

Research contradicts many of Freud’s ideas

Question 47

Humanistic Theories

Answer 47

*Assess personality by asking people to evaluate their self- concept

Question 48

Describe “trait theories” of personality. What are traits? What types of assessments do trait theorists use?

Answer 48

traits are described regarding personality by people’s characteristic behaviors and conscious motives through personality inventories (questionnares, true or false)

Question 49

“Social-cognitive”

Answer 49

examine characteristic patterns of behavior and conscious motives (“traits”) 4. Social-cognitive theories: explore interaction between people’s traits (including their thinking) and their social situations (or environments

Question 50

Explain Martin & Gray 1996

Answer 50

a