Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

Dizygotic vs Monozygotic twins

A

2 eggs… zygote splits

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2
Q

how many pairs of chromosomes?

A

23

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3
Q

What chromosome determines sex?

A

23rd

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4
Q

Ectopic pregnancy

A

zygote develops outside of uterus

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5
Q

Sex linked disorders

A

baldness, night blindness, hemophilia

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6
Q

non-sex linked disorders

A

sickle cell anemia, PKU (phenylketonuria)

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7
Q

Chromosome disorders

A

Down Syndrome, Turner’s syndrome, Kleinfelter’s syndrome

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8
Q

Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome)

A

extra chromosome on 21st

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9
Q

Turner’s syndrome

A

girls only, missing x

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10
Q

Kleinfelter’s syndrome

A

guys only, extra x

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11
Q

“Super Male”

A

XYY

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12
Q

Pica

A

eating anything

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13
Q

Pregnant women taking ______ had children born without fully developed arms or legs.

A

thalidomide

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14
Q

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

A

2 drinks/day

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15
Q

teratogens

A

substance that causes a birth defect (mercury, plastics, lead)

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16
Q

smoking while pregnant –>

A

premature birth, low birth weight, respiratory problems

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17
Q

“Acutane” –>

A

100% chance of severe birth defects

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18
Q

Neonate (newborn)

A
  1. sucking reflex 2. Babinski reflex 3. Grasp reflex 4. Exaggerated startle reflex (moro) 5. Anti-smothering reflex
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19
Q

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

A

possible caused by sleep apnea

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20
Q

preventing SIDS

A

change posture, surgery, facial surgery, cpap mask

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21
Q

APGAR

A

appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, respiration

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22
Q

Jean Piget, 4 stages of Cognitive Development

A
  1. Sensory Motor 2. Pre operational 3. Concrete Operational 4. Formal Operation
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23
Q

Sensory Motor Stage

A

(0-2) World is based on sensation and movement– no object permanence

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24
Q

Pre operational Stage

A

(2-7) Development of Language

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25
Q

Concrete Operational Stage

A

(7-12) Thinking grounded in own world, no abstract thinking

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26
Q

Formal Operation

A

(13- Adult) Abstract Thinking

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27
Q

Kohlberg, studied moral development

A
  1. Pre-conventional: self interest 2. Conventional: conforms to social norms and laws 3. Post-conventional: okay to break law if it means saving a life
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28
Q

learning

A

changing in behavior that is relatively long lasting due to experience

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29
Q

Pavlov

A

studied classical conditioning

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30
Q

Strong Stimulus (Unconditioned) –> Netral Stimulus (Conditioned) –>

A

unconditioned response conditioned response

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31
Q

Aquisition

A

process of training a person to react to a conditioned stimulus with the same response as an unconditioned stimulus

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32
Q

Extinction

A

decline of conditioned response caused by presenting CS w/o UCS

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33
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

fear reappears and must be extinguished again

34
Q

stimulus generalization

A

displayed conditioned response to a stimuli that is similar but not identical to the conditioned response

35
Q

stimulus discrimination

A

differentiations between two similar stimuli when only one of them is consistently associated with the unconditioned stimulus

36
Q

higher order conditioning

A

linking cs to other cs

37
Q

phobia

A

exaggerated fear of unknown origins— alters life

38
Q

counter conditioning

A

learning a new response to an old stimulus

39
Q

Reinforcer—-> Punisher—->

A

increases behavior decreases behavior

40
Q

Positive Reinforcer

A

gives something pleasurable

41
Q

Negative Reinforcer

A

takes away something unpleasant

42
Q

Shaping

A

gradually reinforcer behaviors that are closer to the behavior you want

43
Q

Operant conditioning

A

more voluntary and conscious

44
Q

Partial Reinforcement

A

of responses or timed

45
Q

Fixed ratio

A

ex: every 5 times

46
Q

Variable ratio

A

ex: around every 5 times

47
Q

Fixed interval

A

Ex: first after 5 seconds

48
Q

Variable Interval

A

Ex: first after average of 5 seconds

49
Q

discriminative stimulus

A

giving information, comes under stimulant control

50
Q

superstition

A

erroneous believe that a behavior has a certain consequence

51
Q

behavior modification

A

use of operant conditioning techniques to eliminate unwanted behaviors and replace them with desirable ones

52
Q

observational learning

A

learning through watching

53
Q

Positive Punisher

A

adds something unpleasant

54
Q

Negative Punisher

A

takes away something pleasant

55
Q

Rules of using + punishment

A
  1. make it clear what behavior is being punished 2. show alternative behavior that can be reinforced 3. punisher must follow every unwanted behavior 4. must be immediate 5. don’t mix affection with punishment 6. punish behavior, not person
56
Q

3 stages of memory

A

encoding, storage, retrieval

57
Q

change blindness

A

something changes and you don’t notice

58
Q

shadowing

A

receives different message in each ear and asked to repeat both– only can repeat one

59
Q

Sensory memory

A

photographic memory

60
Q

short term (working) memory

A

20 secs, magical number 7(+,-2)

61
Q

Declarative memory

A

semantic and episodic, conscious, verbal, fast to learn

62
Q

Non declarative memory

A

motor skills, priming, rules, classical conditioning– unconscious, not verbal, slow

63
Q

Method Loci

A

visual maps

64
Q

Memory Distortion and False memory

A

Elizabeth Loftus studied eyewitnesses

65
Q

flashbulb memory

A

traumatic events seared into mind– Erik Neisser studied freshman after Challenger

66
Q

Confabulation

A

unintended false recollection of episodic memories

67
Q

Recovered memories

A

repressed memories that were “recovered”

68
Q

Psychologist vs Psychiatrist vs Psychoanalyst

A

**psychiatrist can prescribe medicine **psychoanalyst uses Freud’s theories

69
Q

psychology definition

A

scientific study of mental processes and behavior of humans and animals

70
Q

latent learning

A

hidden learning

71
Q

scientific methods

A

tests, surveys, case studies, observation, correlation, experimentation

72
Q

correlation does not mean _____

73
Q

independent and dependent variable

A

testing just the effect of the independent variable

74
Q

double blind study

A

neither subjects or experimenter knows placebo

75
Q

crossover design

A

switch control groups

76
Q

operational definition

A

behaviors used to define dependent variable

77
Q

cross sectional and longitudinal sudies

A

2 groups or one group over long time

78
Q

Lobes of Brain

79
Q

Hind Brain

A

Medulla oblongata, cerebellum, pons

80
Q

Folds and Valleys

A

folds: sulci
valleys: gyri

81
Q

Fissues

A

** deep folds

Central (Rolondo) Fissure and Longitudinal (Sylvian) Fissure

82
Q

Nervous System