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Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Dizygotic vs Monozygotic twins

A

2 eggs… zygote splits

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2
Q

how many pairs of chromosomes?

A

23

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3
Q

What chromosome determines sex?

A

23rd

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4
Q

Ectopic pregnancy

A

zygote develops outside of uterus

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5
Q

Sex linked disorders

A

baldness, night blindness, hemophilia

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6
Q

non-sex linked disorders

A

sickle cell anemia, PKU (phenylketonuria)

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7
Q

Chromosome disorders

A

Down Syndrome, Turner’s syndrome, Kleinfelter’s syndrome

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8
Q

Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome)

A

extra chromosome on 21st

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9
Q

Turner’s syndrome

A

girls only, missing x

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10
Q

Kleinfelter’s syndrome

A

guys only, extra x

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11
Q

“Super Male”

A

XYY

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12
Q

Pica

A

eating anything

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13
Q

Pregnant women taking ______ had children born without fully developed arms or legs.

A

thalidomide

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14
Q

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

A

2 drinks/day

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15
Q

teratogens

A

substance that causes a birth defect (mercury, plastics, lead)

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16
Q

smoking while pregnant –>

A

premature birth, low birth weight, respiratory problems

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17
Q

“Acutane” –>

A

100% chance of severe birth defects

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18
Q

Neonate (newborn)

A
  1. sucking reflex 2. Babinski reflex 3. Grasp reflex 4. Exaggerated startle reflex (moro) 5. Anti-smothering reflex
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19
Q

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

A

possible caused by sleep apnea

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20
Q

preventing SIDS

A

change posture, surgery, facial surgery, cpap mask

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21
Q

APGAR

A

appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, respiration

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22
Q

Jean Piget, 4 stages of Cognitive Development

A
  1. Sensory Motor 2. Pre operational 3. Concrete Operational 4. Formal Operation
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23
Q

Sensory Motor Stage

A

(0-2) World is based on sensation and movement– no object permanence

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24
Q

Pre operational Stage

A

(2-7) Development of Language

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25
Concrete Operational Stage
(7-12) Thinking grounded in own world, no abstract thinking
26
Formal Operation
(13- Adult) Abstract Thinking
27
Kohlberg, studied moral development
1. Pre-conventional: self interest 2. Conventional: conforms to social norms and laws 3. Post-conventional: okay to break law if it means saving a life
28
learning
changing in behavior that is relatively long lasting due to experience
29
Pavlov
studied classical conditioning
30
Strong Stimulus (Unconditioned) --\> Netral Stimulus (Conditioned) --\>
unconditioned response conditioned response
31
Aquisition
process of training a person to react to a conditioned stimulus with the same response as an unconditioned stimulus
32
Extinction
decline of conditioned response caused by presenting CS w/o UCS
33
spontaneous recovery
fear reappears and must be extinguished again
34
stimulus generalization
displayed conditioned response to a stimuli that is similar but not identical to the conditioned response
35
stimulus discrimination
differentiations between two similar stimuli when only one of them is consistently associated with the unconditioned stimulus
36
higher order conditioning
linking cs to other cs
37
phobia
exaggerated fear of unknown origins--- alters life
38
counter conditioning
learning a new response to an old stimulus
39
Reinforcer----\> Punisher----\>
increases behavior decreases behavior
40
Positive Reinforcer
gives something pleasurable
41
Negative Reinforcer
takes away something unpleasant
42
Shaping
gradually reinforcer behaviors that are closer to the behavior you want
43
Operant conditioning
more voluntary and conscious
44
Partial Reinforcement
of responses or timed
45
Fixed ratio
ex: every 5 times
46
Variable ratio
ex: around every 5 times
47
Fixed interval
Ex: first after 5 seconds
48
Variable Interval
Ex: first after average of 5 seconds
49
discriminative stimulus
giving information, comes under stimulant control
50
superstition
erroneous believe that a behavior has a certain consequence
51
behavior modification
use of operant conditioning techniques to eliminate unwanted behaviors and replace them with desirable ones
52
observational learning
learning through watching
53
Positive Punisher
adds something unpleasant
54
Negative Punisher
takes away something pleasant
55
Rules of using + punishment
1. make it clear what behavior is being punished 2. show alternative behavior that can be reinforced 3. punisher must follow every unwanted behavior 4. must be immediate 5. don't mix affection with punishment 6. punish behavior, not person
56
3 stages of memory
encoding, storage, retrieval
57
change blindness
something changes and you don't notice
58
shadowing
receives different message in each ear and asked to repeat both-- only can repeat one
59
Sensory memory
photographic memory
60
short term (working) memory
20 secs, magical number 7(+,-2)
61
Declarative memory
semantic and episodic, conscious, verbal, fast to learn
62
Non declarative memory
motor skills, priming, rules, classical conditioning-- unconscious, not verbal, slow
63
Method Loci
visual maps
64
Memory Distortion and False memory
Elizabeth Loftus studied eyewitnesses
65
flashbulb memory
traumatic events seared into mind-- Erik Neisser studied freshman after Challenger
66
Confabulation
unintended false recollection of episodic memories
67
Recovered memories
repressed memories that were "recovered"
68
Psychologist vs Psychiatrist vs Psychoanalyst
\*\*psychiatrist can prescribe medicine \*\*psychoanalyst uses Freud's theories
69
psychology definition
scientific study of mental processes and behavior of humans and animals
70
latent learning
hidden learning
71
scientific methods
tests, surveys, case studies, observation, correlation, experimentation
72
correlation does not mean \_\_\_\_\_
causation
73
independent and dependent variable
testing just the effect of the independent variable
74
double blind study
neither subjects or experimenter knows placebo
75
crossover design
switch control groups
76
operational definition
behaviors used to define dependent variable
77
cross sectional and longitudinal sudies
2 groups or one group over long time
78
Lobes of Brain
79
Hind Brain
Medulla oblongata, cerebellum, pons
80
Folds and Valleys
folds: sulci valleys: gyri
81
Fissues
\*\* deep folds Central (Rolondo) Fissure and Longitudinal (Sylvian) Fissure
82
Nervous System

Psychology (2 decks)

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