Psychology Flashcards
Dizygotic vs Monozygotic twins
2 eggs… zygote splits
how many pairs of chromosomes?
23
What chromosome determines sex?
23rd
Ectopic pregnancy
zygote develops outside of uterus
Sex linked disorders
baldness, night blindness, hemophilia
non-sex linked disorders
sickle cell anemia, PKU (phenylketonuria)
Chromosome disorders
Down Syndrome, Turner’s syndrome, Kleinfelter’s syndrome
Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome)
extra chromosome on 21st
Turner’s syndrome
girls only, missing x
Kleinfelter’s syndrome
guys only, extra x
“Super Male”
XYY
Pica
eating anything
Pregnant women taking ______ had children born without fully developed arms or legs.
thalidomide
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
2 drinks/day
teratogens
substance that causes a birth defect (mercury, plastics, lead)
smoking while pregnant –>
premature birth, low birth weight, respiratory problems
“Acutane” –>
100% chance of severe birth defects
Neonate (newborn)
- sucking reflex 2. Babinski reflex 3. Grasp reflex 4. Exaggerated startle reflex (moro) 5. Anti-smothering reflex
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
possible caused by sleep apnea
preventing SIDS
change posture, surgery, facial surgery, cpap mask
APGAR
appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, respiration
Jean Piget, 4 stages of Cognitive Development
- Sensory Motor 2. Pre operational 3. Concrete Operational 4. Formal Operation
Sensory Motor Stage
(0-2) World is based on sensation and movement– no object permanence
Pre operational Stage
(2-7) Development of Language
Concrete Operational Stage
(7-12) Thinking grounded in own world, no abstract thinking
Formal Operation
(13- Adult) Abstract Thinking
Kohlberg, studied moral development
- Pre-conventional: self interest 2. Conventional: conforms to social norms and laws 3. Post-conventional: okay to break law if it means saving a life
learning
changing in behavior that is relatively long lasting due to experience
Pavlov
studied classical conditioning
Strong Stimulus (Unconditioned) –> Netral Stimulus (Conditioned) –>
unconditioned response conditioned response
Aquisition
process of training a person to react to a conditioned stimulus with the same response as an unconditioned stimulus
Extinction
decline of conditioned response caused by presenting CS w/o UCS
spontaneous recovery
fear reappears and must be extinguished again
stimulus generalization
displayed conditioned response to a stimuli that is similar but not identical to the conditioned response
stimulus discrimination
differentiations between two similar stimuli when only one of them is consistently associated with the unconditioned stimulus
higher order conditioning
linking cs to other cs
phobia
exaggerated fear of unknown origins— alters life
counter conditioning
learning a new response to an old stimulus
Reinforcer—-> Punisher—->
increases behavior decreases behavior
Positive Reinforcer
gives something pleasurable
Negative Reinforcer
takes away something unpleasant
Shaping
gradually reinforcer behaviors that are closer to the behavior you want
Operant conditioning
more voluntary and conscious
Partial Reinforcement
of responses or timed
Fixed ratio
ex: every 5 times
Variable ratio
ex: around every 5 times
Fixed interval
Ex: first after 5 seconds
Variable Interval
Ex: first after average of 5 seconds
discriminative stimulus
giving information, comes under stimulant control
superstition
erroneous believe that a behavior has a certain consequence
behavior modification
use of operant conditioning techniques to eliminate unwanted behaviors and replace them with desirable ones
observational learning
learning through watching
Positive Punisher
adds something unpleasant
Negative Punisher
takes away something pleasant
Rules of using + punishment
- make it clear what behavior is being punished 2. show alternative behavior that can be reinforced 3. punisher must follow every unwanted behavior 4. must be immediate 5. don’t mix affection with punishment 6. punish behavior, not person
3 stages of memory
encoding, storage, retrieval
change blindness
something changes and you don’t notice
shadowing
receives different message in each ear and asked to repeat both– only can repeat one
Sensory memory
photographic memory
short term (working) memory
20 secs, magical number 7(+,-2)
Declarative memory
semantic and episodic, conscious, verbal, fast to learn
Non declarative memory
motor skills, priming, rules, classical conditioning– unconscious, not verbal, slow
Method Loci
visual maps
Memory Distortion and False memory
Elizabeth Loftus studied eyewitnesses
flashbulb memory
traumatic events seared into mind– Erik Neisser studied freshman after Challenger
Confabulation
unintended false recollection of episodic memories
Recovered memories
repressed memories that were “recovered”
Psychologist vs Psychiatrist vs Psychoanalyst
**psychiatrist can prescribe medicine **psychoanalyst uses Freud’s theories
psychology definition
scientific study of mental processes and behavior of humans and animals
latent learning
hidden learning
scientific methods
tests, surveys, case studies, observation, correlation, experimentation
correlation does not mean _____
causation
independent and dependent variable
testing just the effect of the independent variable
double blind study
neither subjects or experimenter knows placebo
crossover design
switch control groups
operational definition
behaviors used to define dependent variable
cross sectional and longitudinal sudies
2 groups or one group over long time
Lobes of Brain
Hind Brain
Medulla oblongata, cerebellum, pons
Folds and Valleys
folds: sulci
valleys: gyri
Fissues
** deep folds
Central (Rolondo) Fissure and Longitudinal (Sylvian) Fissure
Nervous System
