Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Psychology > Psychology Final > Flashcards

Psychology Final Flashcards

1
Q

Psychologist vs Psychiatrist

A

**Psychiatrist can prescribe medicine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Psychology definition

A

scientific study of mental processes and behavior of humans and animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

latent learning

A

‘hidden’ learning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

double blind study

A

neither subjects or experimenter knows placebo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

crossover design

A

switch control groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

operational definition

A

behaviors used to define dependent variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

dependent variable vs independent variable

A

testing just the effect of the independent variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

cross sectional vs longitudinal studies

A

2 groups vs 1 group over long time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Four Lobes of Brain (Clockwise)

A
  1. Frontal
  2. Parietal
  3. Visual
  4. Temporal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Folds and Valleys in brain

A 
folds= sulci
valleys= gyri
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Fissure

A

deep folds in brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

2 types of Fissures

A
  • Central (Rolondo) fissure

- Longitudinal (Sylvian) fissure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Hindbrain

A

Medulla Oblongata, Cerebellum, Pons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Nervous System (2 branches)

A

Central Nervous System & Peripheral Nervous System

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (2 branches)

A

Somatic & Autonomic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Autonomic NS (2 branches)

A

Sympathetic & Parasympathetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Central Nervous System

A

Spinal Cord

**poor recovery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

All other nervous system, good recovery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Somatic

A

conscious, voluntary

**contains senses and movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Autonomic

A

unconscious

**glands, organs, heart muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Sympathetic NS

A

stressed

***

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Parasympathetic NS

A

rest

***

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

smooth muscle

A

wraps around blood muscle to constrict or dilate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A

surrounds brain in skull

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

benefits of csf

A

shock absorbance, reduces weight, provides nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Meninges (Definition and Names)

A

membranes surrounding brain

  1. Dura Mater
  2. Pia Mater
  3. Arachnoid Mater
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Ventricles

A

spaces for fluid to flow; produce CSF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Flow of csf through ventricles?

A

Lateral–> 3rd–>through aqueduct of Monro–> 4th–> circulates brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Meningitis

A

inflammation of meninges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

choroid plexus

A

produces csf; lines ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

enlarged ventricles indicates _______

A

loss of nerve cells (could mean Alzheimer’s, schizophrenia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Medula Oblongata

A

controls functions (respiration, heart rate, blood pressure, muscle tone, swallowing)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

nucleus definition

A

group of cells acting together for a function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Area Postrema

A

nucleus that controls vomiting; in Medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Blood-Brain Barrier

A

keeps substances from leaving blood and entering brain

***substances that can cross it are all psychoactive (change behavior)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Pons

A

sleeping, waking, dreaming, arousal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Cerebellum

A

important for movement; acts like a computer that monitors our senses and muscles in order for us to make smooth coordinated movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Ataxia

A

extreme clumsiness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Atonia

A

muscular weakness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Intention tremor

A

hands shake when close to target

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Decomposition of movement

A

“breaks movements into parts”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Disdiadochokinesis

A

difficulty making rapidly alternating movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Ballistic damage

A

difficulty with timed movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

where is the blood-brain barrier weakest?

A

the cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Midbrain (2 parts)

A

Tectum & Tegmentum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Tectum (2 parts)

A
  1. Superior Colliculus (vision)

2. Inferior Colliculus (hearing)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Purpose of Tectum

A

helps us orient to a stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Retina —> Tectum

A

retino tectum (orients stimulus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Retina —> Visual Cortex

A

retino striate (sees stimulus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

“Blind Sight”

A

residual vision after damage/removal of visual cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

In case study on blind sight, subject could not _____ but could _________.

A
  • –couldn’t turn head and eyes to stimulus

- –BUT could point, guess shape, guess color, guess up or down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Mere Exposure Effect

A

students were ‘merely exposed’ to an image (subconscious). They were then shown 2 images and they preferred the one they were exposed to.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A
  • affects movement & cognitive
  • no cure
  • progressive disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Parkinson’s disease cause

A

not enough Dopamine produced by Substantia Niagra, cells die in midbrain and dopamine doesn’t make it to brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Substantia Niagra

A

nucleus in tegmentum, cells make dopamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease

A

micrographia, tremor, gait disturbance, stiffness, propulsion, retropulsion, “frozen”, motor problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Nigro-Striatal Bundle

A

?????

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

______ can get through the BBB and treats symptoms for Parkinson’s disease

A

L-Dopa

***NOT A CURE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

___ goes to Substantia Nigra and kills cells

A

MPP+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

_____ is an antidepressant that slows progression of Parkinson’s Disease

A

Deprenyl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Forebrain (2 parts)

A
  1. Telencephalon

2. Diencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Telencephalon (3 parts)

A
  1. Cortex
  2. Basal Ganglia
  3. Limbic System
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Diencephalon (2 parts)

A
  1. Thalamus

2. Hypothalamus–> pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Hypothalamus

A

controls fighting, fleeing, feeding, water balance, sexual, temperature, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Hypothalamus and Pituitary gland produce ______

A

hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

oxytocin

A

milk production, “bonding”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

tropic hormones

A

growth, gonadatropin hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Hypothalmus (2 parts)

A
  1. Eating Center (lateral hypothalamus)

2. Satiety Center (ventromedial hypothalamus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Lateral Hypothalamus destroyed –>

A

Aphagia, Adipsia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Ventromedial Hypothalamus destroyed –>

A

Pathological obesity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Amygdala

A

emotion (fear, anger, anxiety, aggression)

72
Q

Hippocampus

73
Q

destroying the Amygdala causes _________

A

abnormally low affect

74
Q

*****What happened when H.M. had his hippocampus removed?

A
  • Anterograde Amnesia
  • Lost Declarative Information
  • kept Non-declarative information (motor skills, priming, rules & strategies, classical conditioning)
75
Q

Declarative memory

A

Semantic Knowledge (facts) and Episodic (events)

76
Q

Corpus Collosum

A

connects brain hemispheres

77
Q

Aphasia

A

language deficit

78
Q

Broca’s Aphasia

A
  • labor to get words out
  • poor articulation
  • ‘telegraphic speech’
  • blurt
  • **expressive deficit
79
Q

Wernicky’s Aphasia

A
  • rapid speech
  • no meaning
  • no comprehension
  • can’t read or write
  • **receptive deficit
80
Q

“Nous parlons Avec l’hémisphère gauche”

A

We speak with the left hemisphere- Paul Broca

81
Q

Emotional speech most likely in ___ hemisphere

82
Q

Prosody

A

intonation, inflection, emotion, speech

83
Q

Parphasia

A

nonsense words

84
Q

***Precentral Cortex, Primary Motor Cortex, Post central Sensory Cortex (control from top to bottom)

A

Top: Leg/foot
Middle: Hands
Bottom: Head

85
Q

Premotor cortex

A

helps plan & initiate movements

86
Q

mirror neurons

A

fire when they watch an action happen

87
Q

damage to ___ parietal lobe produces sensory neglect in the left visual field

88
Q

Damage to Dorsolateral cortex

A
  • lack of spontaneity/ flexibility
  • poor short term (working) memory
  • poor temporal memory (memory for sequence)
  • inability to inhibit ongoing behavior and start a new behavior
89
Q

Wisconsin Card Sorting Task

A

4 shapes, 4 #’s, 4 colors- sort them and must change sort

90
Q

Damage to Orbital Prefrontal cortex

A

-lose ability to decide what behavior is socially acceptable

91
Q

Iowa Gambling Task

A

4 card colors, 2 good and 2 bad. Turn over for $, must choose lower cards for long term advantage.

92
Q

Dizygotic twins vs Monozygotic twins

A

2 eggs vs zygote splits

93
Q

Ectopic pregnancy

A

zygote develops outside of uterus

94
Q

Turner’s syndrome

A

missing x, girls only

95
Q

Kleinfelter’s syndrome

A

extra x, guys only

96
Q

“Supermale”

97
Q

“Seal children”, born without fully developed arms or legs after mothers were taking __________.

A

thalidomide

98
Q

Fetal Alcohal Syndrome

A

2 drinks/day

99
Q

____ causes 100% of severe birth defects

100
Q

Neonate Newborb (5 reflexes)

A
  1. Sucking reflex
  2. Babinski reflex (toes fan out)
  3. Grasp reflex
  4. Exaggerated startle reflex (Moro)
  5. Anti-smothering reflex
101
Q

4 Stages of Cognitive Development

***Studied by Piget

A
  1. Sensory Motor
  2. Preoperational
  3. Concrete Operational
  4. Formal Operation
102
Q

Object permanence

A

idea that something exists even when it isn’t there

103
Q

Conservation logic

A

example: different glasses but same amount of water

104
Q

Kohlberg’s Moral Development stages

A
  1. Pre-conventional
  2. Conventional
  3. Post-conventional
105
Q

learning

A

change in behavior that is relatively long lasting due to experience

106
Q

Strong stimulus —> unlearned response

A

unconditioned stimulus—> unconditioned response

107
Q

neutral stimulus —> learned response

A

conditioned stimulus —> conditioned response

108
Q

Aquisition

A

process of teaching a conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus by presenting it with the ucs

109
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

unconditional/conditional stimulus/responses

110
Q

Extinction

A

decline of conditioned response caused by presenting cs without ucs

111
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

fear reappears and is extinguished again

112
Q

stimulus generalization

A

generalizing fear to a different stimulus

113
Q

stimulus discrimination

A

????? look up :)

114
Q

higher order conditioning

A

linking cs to other cs

115
Q

phobia

A

an exaggerated fear of unknown origins that alters life

116
Q

counter conditioning

A

learning a new response to an old stimulus

117
Q

Operational Conditioning

A

frequency of behavior depends on its consequences

***more voluntary than Classical

118
Q

reinforcer

A

increases behavior

119
Q

punisher

A

decreases behavior

120
Q

positive reinforcer

A

gives something pleasurable

121
Q

negative reinforcer

A

takes away something unpleasant

122
Q

Primary and Secondary positive reinforcers

123
Q

shaping

A

gradually reinforcing behaviors that are closer to the behavior you want

124
Q

Partial Reinforcement

A

only rewards behavior sometimes

125
Q

Fixed ratio response

A

rewards behavior after set amount of times

126
Q

Variable ratio response

A

rewards behavior after an average of a set amount of times

127
Q

Fixed interval

A

rewards first behavior after a specific amount of time has elapsed

128
Q

Variable interval

A

rewards first behavior after and average of a certain amount of time has elapsed

129
Q

discriminative stimulus

A

gives information about what to do

130
Q

superstition

A

an erroneous belief that a behavior has a certain consequence

131
Q

positive punishment

A

adds something unpleasant

132
Q

negative punishment

A

takes away something pleasant

133
Q

3 stages of memory

A

Encoding, storage, retrieval

134
Q

shadowing

A

something different is whispered in each ear, and you can only repeat one

135
Q

Photographic Memory

A

Eidetic Imagery

136
Q

Short term memory located in _______

A

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

137
Q

Method Loci

A

visual maps

138
Q

Serial Position Effect

A

memory is best for the beginning and end of a passage

139
Q

Confabulation

A

recovery of a false memory

140
Q

DSM

A

diagnostic and statistical manual (12 categories of abnormal behavior)

141
Q

Infancy and Childhood Disorders

A
  • mentally challenged/delayed
  • ADHD, ADD
  • Eating Disorder
  • Development
142
Q

Delirium/Amnesia

A

due to toxic substances or brain disease

143
Q

Substance Abuse

144
Q

Anxiety Disorders

A
  • generalized anxiety
  • panic attacks
  • phobias
  • OCD
145
Q

Personality Disorders

A
  • lifelong, maladaptive patterns of behavior

- sociopath

146
Q

Dissociative disorders

A
  • parts of life aren’t known by other

- memory/amnesia

147
Q

Sexual and Gender Disorders

A
  • transgender

- pedophilia, fetishes

148
Q

Affective Disorders

A
  • mood
  • bipolar
  • manic depressive, unipolar depression
149
Q

Impulse Control Disorders

A

pyromania, violence, kleptomania

150
Q

Psychoses/Schizophrenia

151
Q

Eating Disorders

A

bulimia, anorexia, obesity

152
Q

Depression Criteria

A

A or B
a) Depressed mood all day, every day
b)marked loss of interest or pleasure in all activities
+ 4 of Following 7
1) Significant weight gain or loss
2) Insomnia or hypersomnia
3) psychomotor agitation ore retardation
4) Extreme Fatigue
5) Feelings of worthlessness or guilt
6) Decreased ability to think or concentrate
7) Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide

153
Q

____ percent of depression goes undiagnosed.

154
Q

___ of population is depressed

155
Q

Treatments for depression

A

psychological counseling, electroconvulsive shock therapy, antidepressants

156
Q

3 drug treatments for depression

A
  1. Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor (MAOi)
  2. Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs)
  3. Selective Seratonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)
157
Q

Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor

A

eliminates MAO

***“Cheese Effect”-can’t break apart Tyramine

158
Q

Tricyclic Antidepressants

A

blocks reuptake of seratonin and norepinephrine

159
Q

Selective Seratonin Reuptake Inhibitors

A

not lethal, costs more

160
Q

Schizophrenia

A

characterized by hallucinations, delusions, and loose associations

161
Q

hallucinations

A

perceiving something that isn’t there

162
Q

delusions

A

beliefs for which there is no evidence

163
Q

loose association

A

random thoughts trigger other random thoughts; incoherent

164
Q

theory of Schizophrenia cause

A

too much dopamine

165
Q

Obsessive can’t control _____

166
Q

Compulsion can’t control _______

167
Q

aichmophobia

A

fear of sharp objects

168
Q

nyctophobia

A

fear of dark

169
Q

acrophobia

A

fear of heights

170
Q

zoophobia

A

fear of animals

171
Q

mysophobia

A

fear of germs

172
Q

agorophobia

A

fear of going to unknown place with people

173
Q

What is a somatoform disorder?

A

body symptoms with no physical cause

174
Q

Types of Somatoform disorders

A
  1. Hypochondriasis
  2. Conversion Reaction (stress converted to symptom)
  3. Stigmata- bleeding palms and feet
175
Q

Personality Disorders (3)

A
  1. Narcissistic behavior
  2. Sociopathy
  3. Psychosexual disorders
176
Q

Dissociative Disorders

A

multiple personality

Psychology (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions