Psychology Final Flashcards
(176 cards)
1
Q
Psychologist vs Psychiatrist
A
**Psychiatrist can prescribe medicine
2
Q
Psychology definition
A
scientific study of mental processes and behavior of humans and animals
3
Q
latent learning
A
‘hidden’ learning
4
Q
double blind study
A
neither subjects or experimenter knows placebo
5
Q
crossover design
A
switch control groups
6
Q
operational definition
A
behaviors used to define dependent variable
7
Q
dependent variable vs independent variable
A
testing just the effect of the independent variable
8
Q
cross sectional vs longitudinal studies
A
2 groups vs 1 group over long time
9
Q
Four Lobes of Brain (Clockwise)
A
- Frontal
- Parietal
- Visual
- Temporal
10
Q
Folds and Valleys in brain
A
folds= sulci valleys= gyri
11
Q
Fissure
A
deep folds in brain
12
Q
2 types of Fissures
A
- Central (Rolondo) fissure
- Longitudinal (Sylvian) fissure
13
Q
Hindbrain
A
Medulla Oblongata, Cerebellum, Pons
14
Q
Nervous System (2 branches)
A
Central Nervous System & Peripheral Nervous System
15
Q
Peripheral Nervous System (2 branches)
A
Somatic & Autonomic
16
Q
Autonomic NS (2 branches)
A
Sympathetic & Parasympathetic
17
Q
Central Nervous System
A
Spinal Cord
**poor recovery
18
Q
Peripheral Nervous System
A
All other nervous system, good recovery
19
Q
Somatic
A
conscious, voluntary
**contains senses and movements
20
Q
Autonomic
A
unconscious
**glands, organs, heart muscle
21
Q
Sympathetic NS
A
stressed
***
22
Q
Parasympathetic NS
A
rest
***
23
Q
smooth muscle
A
wraps around blood muscle to constrict or dilate
24
Q
cerebrospinal fluid
A
surrounds brain in skull
25
benefits of csf
shock absorbance, reduces weight, provides nutrients
26
Meninges (Definition and Names)
membranes surrounding brain
1. Dura Mater
2. Pia Mater
3. Arachnoid Mater
27
Ventricles
spaces for fluid to flow; produce CSF
28
Flow of csf through ventricles?
Lateral--> 3rd-->through aqueduct of Monro--> 4th--> circulates brain and spinal cord
29
Meningitis
inflammation of meninges
30
choroid plexus
produces csf; lines ventricles
31
enlarged ventricles indicates _______
loss of nerve cells (could mean Alzheimer's, schizophrenia)
32
Medula Oblongata
controls functions (respiration, heart rate, blood pressure, muscle tone, swallowing)
33
nucleus definition
group of cells acting together for a function
34
Area Postrema
nucleus that controls vomiting; in Medulla
35
Blood-Brain Barrier
keeps substances from leaving blood and entering brain
| ***substances that can cross it are all psychoactive (change behavior)
36
Pons
sleeping, waking, dreaming, arousal
37
Cerebellum
important for movement; acts like a computer that monitors our senses and muscles in order for us to make smooth coordinated movement
38
Ataxia
extreme clumsiness
39
Atonia
muscular weakness
40
Intention tremor
hands shake when close to target
41
Decomposition of movement
"breaks movements into parts"
42
Disdiadochokinesis
difficulty making rapidly alternating movements
43
Ballistic damage
difficulty with timed movements
44
where is the blood-brain barrier weakest?
the cerebellum
45
Midbrain (2 parts)
Tectum & Tegmentum
46
Tectum (2 parts)
1. Superior Colliculus (vision)
| 2. Inferior Colliculus (hearing)
47
Purpose of Tectum
helps us orient to a stimulus
48
Retina ---> Tectum
retino tectum (orients stimulus)
49
Retina ---> Visual Cortex
retino striate (sees stimulus)
50
"Blind Sight"
residual vision after damage/removal of visual cortex
51
In case study on blind sight, subject could not _____ but could _________.
- --couldn't turn head and eyes to stimulus
| - --BUT could point, guess shape, guess color, guess up or down
52
Mere Exposure Effect
students were 'merely exposed' to an image (subconscious). They were then shown 2 images and they preferred the one they were exposed to.
53
Parkinson's disease
- affects movement & cognitive
- no cure
- progressive disease
54
Parkinson's disease cause
not enough Dopamine produced by Substantia Niagra, cells die in midbrain and dopamine doesn't make it to brain
55
Substantia Niagra
nucleus in tegmentum, cells make dopamine
56
Symptoms of Parkinson's Disease
micrographia, tremor, gait disturbance, stiffness, propulsion, retropulsion, "frozen", motor problems
57
Nigro-Striatal Bundle
?????
58
______ can get through the BBB and treats symptoms for Parkinson's disease
L-Dopa
| ***NOT A CURE
59
___ goes to Substantia Nigra and kills cells
MPP+
60
_____ is an antidepressant that slows progression of Parkinson's Disease
Deprenyl
61
Forebrain (2 parts)
1. Telencephalon
| 2. Diencephalon
62
Telencephalon (3 parts)
1. Cortex
2. Basal Ganglia
3. Limbic System
63
Diencephalon (2 parts)
1. Thalamus
| 2. Hypothalamus--> pituitary
64
Hypothalamus
controls fighting, fleeing, feeding, water balance, sexual, temperature, etc.
65
Hypothalamus and Pituitary gland produce ______
hormones
66
oxytocin
milk production, "bonding"
67
tropic hormones
growth, gonadatropin hormones
68
Hypothalmus (2 parts)
1. Eating Center (lateral hypothalamus)
| 2. Satiety Center (ventromedial hypothalamus)
69
Lateral Hypothalamus destroyed -->
Aphagia, Adipsia
70
Ventromedial Hypothalamus destroyed -->
Pathological obesity
71
Amygdala
emotion (fear, anger, anxiety, aggression)
72
Hippocampus
memory
73
destroying the Amygdala causes _________
abnormally low affect
74
*****What happened when H.M. had his hippocampus removed?
- Anterograde Amnesia
- Lost Declarative Information
- kept Non-declarative information (motor skills, priming, rules & strategies, classical conditioning)
75
Declarative memory
Semantic Knowledge (facts) and Episodic (events)
76
Corpus Collosum
connects brain hemispheres
77
Aphasia
language deficit
78
Broca's Aphasia
- labor to get words out
- poor articulation
- 'telegraphic speech'
- blurt
* **expressive deficit
79
Wernicky's Aphasia
- rapid speech
- no meaning
- no comprehension
- can't read or write
* **receptive deficit
80
"Nous parlons Avec l'hémisphère gauche"
We speak with the left hemisphere- Paul Broca
81
Emotional speech most likely in ___ hemisphere
right
82
Prosody
intonation, inflection, emotion, speech
83
Parphasia
nonsense words
84
***Precentral Cortex, Primary Motor Cortex, Post central Sensory Cortex (control from top to bottom)
Top: Leg/foot
Middle: Hands
Bottom: Head
85
Premotor cortex
helps plan & initiate movements
86
mirror neurons
fire when they watch an action happen
87
damage to ___ parietal lobe produces sensory neglect in the left visual field
right
88
Damage to Dorsolateral cortex
- lack of spontaneity/ flexibility
- poor short term (working) memory
- poor temporal memory (memory for sequence)
- inability to inhibit ongoing behavior and start a new behavior
89
Wisconsin Card Sorting Task
4 shapes, 4 #'s, 4 colors- sort them and must change sort
90
Damage to Orbital Prefrontal cortex
-lose ability to decide what behavior is socially acceptable
91
Iowa Gambling Task
4 card colors, 2 good and 2 bad. Turn over for $, must choose lower cards for long term advantage.
92
Dizygotic twins vs Monozygotic twins
2 eggs vs zygote splits
93
Ectopic pregnancy
zygote develops outside of uterus
94
Turner's syndrome
missing x, girls only
95
Kleinfelter's syndrome
extra x, guys only
96
"Supermale"
XYY
97
"Seal children", born without fully developed arms or legs after mothers were taking __________.
thalidomide
98
Fetal Alcohal Syndrome
2 drinks/day
99
____ causes 100% of severe birth defects
Acutane
100
Neonate Newborb (5 reflexes)
1. Sucking reflex
2. Babinski reflex (toes fan out)
3. Grasp reflex
4. Exaggerated startle reflex (Moro)
5. Anti-smothering reflex
101
4 Stages of Cognitive Development
| ***Studied by Piget
1. Sensory Motor
2. Preoperational
3. Concrete Operational
4. Formal Operation
102
Object permanence
idea that something exists even when it isn't there
103
Conservation logic
example: different glasses but same amount of water
104
Kohlberg's Moral Development stages
1. Pre-conventional
2. Conventional
3. Post-conventional
105
learning
change in behavior that is relatively long lasting due to experience
106
Strong stimulus ---> unlearned response
unconditioned stimulus---> unconditioned response
107
neutral stimulus ---> learned response
conditioned stimulus ---> conditioned response
108
Aquisition
process of teaching a conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus by presenting it with the ucs
109
Classical Conditioning
unconditional/conditional stimulus/responses
110
Extinction
decline of conditioned response caused by presenting cs without ucs
111
spontaneous recovery
fear reappears and is extinguished again
112
stimulus generalization
generalizing fear to a different stimulus
113
stimulus discrimination
????? look up :)
114
higher order conditioning
linking cs to other cs
115
phobia
an exaggerated fear of unknown origins that alters life
116
counter conditioning
learning a new response to an old stimulus
117
Operational Conditioning
frequency of behavior depends on its consequences
| ***more voluntary than Classical
118
reinforcer
increases behavior
119
punisher
decreases behavior
120
positive reinforcer
gives something pleasurable
121
negative reinforcer
takes away something unpleasant
122
Primary and Secondary positive reinforcers
??????
123
shaping
gradually reinforcing behaviors that are closer to the behavior you want
124
Partial Reinforcement
only rewards behavior sometimes
125
Fixed ratio response
rewards behavior after set amount of times
126
Variable ratio response
rewards behavior after an average of a set amount of times
127
Fixed interval
rewards first behavior after a specific amount of time has elapsed
128
Variable interval
rewards first behavior after and average of a certain amount of time has elapsed
129
discriminative stimulus
gives information about what to do
130
superstition
an erroneous belief that a behavior has a certain consequence
131
positive punishment
adds something unpleasant
132
negative punishment
takes away something pleasant
133
3 stages of memory
Encoding, storage, retrieval
134
shadowing
something different is whispered in each ear, and you can only repeat one
135
Photographic Memory
Eidetic Imagery
136
Short term memory located in _______
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
137
Method Loci
visual maps
138
Serial Position Effect
memory is best for the beginning and end of a passage
139
Confabulation
recovery of a false memory
140
DSM
diagnostic and statistical manual (12 categories of abnormal behavior)
141
Infancy and Childhood Disorders
- mentally challenged/delayed
- ADHD, ADD
- Eating Disorder
- Development
142
Delirium/Amnesia
due to toxic substances or brain disease
143
Substance Abuse
????
144
Anxiety Disorders
- generalized anxiety
- panic attacks
- phobias
- OCD
145
Personality Disorders
- lifelong, maladaptive patterns of behavior
| - sociopath
146
Dissociative disorders
- parts of life aren't known by other
| - memory/amnesia
147
Sexual and Gender Disorders
- transgender
| - pedophilia, fetishes
148
Affective Disorders
- mood
- bipolar
- manic depressive, unipolar depression
149
Impulse Control Disorders
pyromania, violence, kleptomania
150
Psychoses/Schizophrenia
????
151
Eating Disorders
bulimia, anorexia, obesity
152
Depression Criteria
A or B
a) Depressed mood all day, every day
b)marked loss of interest or pleasure in all activities
+ 4 of Following 7
1) Significant weight gain or loss
2) Insomnia or hypersomnia
3) psychomotor agitation ore retardation
4) Extreme Fatigue
5) Feelings of worthlessness or guilt
6) Decreased ability to think or concentrate
7) Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide
153
____ percent of depression goes undiagnosed.
50%
154
___ of population is depressed
4%
155
Treatments for depression
psychological counseling, electroconvulsive shock therapy, antidepressants
156
3 drug treatments for depression
1. Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor (MAOi)
2. Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs)
3. Selective Seratonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)
157
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor
eliminates MAO
| ***"Cheese Effect"-can't break apart Tyramine
158
Tricyclic Antidepressants
blocks reuptake of seratonin and norepinephrine
159
Selective Seratonin Reuptake Inhibitors
not lethal, costs more
160
Schizophrenia
characterized by hallucinations, delusions, and loose associations
161
hallucinations
perceiving something that isn't there
162
delusions
beliefs for which there is no evidence
163
loose association
random thoughts trigger other random thoughts; incoherent
164
theory of Schizophrenia cause
too much dopamine
165
Obsessive can't control _____
thought
166
Compulsion can't control _______
behavior
167
aichmophobia
fear of sharp objects
168
nyctophobia
fear of dark
169
acrophobia
fear of heights
170
zoophobia
fear of animals
171
mysophobia
fear of germs
172
agorophobia
fear of going to unknown place with people
173
What is a somatoform disorder?
body symptoms with no physical cause
174
Types of Somatoform disorders
1. Hypochondriasis
2. Conversion Reaction (stress converted to symptom)
3. Stigmata- bleeding palms and feet
175
Personality Disorders (3)
1. Narcissistic behavior
2. Sociopathy
3. Psychosexual disorders
176
Dissociative Disorders
multiple personality
