Psychology 3

Question 1

Bronfenbrenners Ecological Theory

Answer 1

Focuses on the social contexts in which people live
The interactions among 5 environmental systems are key to development

Question 2

Microsystem

Answer 2

Immediate settings in which we live and with whom we Directly interact with :
parents, family, teachers, peers, neighborhoods

Question 3

Mesosystem

Answer 3

Connections/links
between Microsystems: connections between family experiences and school experiences, and relationships between students and peers.

Question 4

Exosystem

Answer 4

Experiences in one setting (where student does not have an active role) influence what students and teachers experience in the
immediate context. Indirect
influences on the child

Question 5

Macrosystem

Answer 5

Macrosystem: Culture in which students and teachers live:
- behavior patterns
- beliefs
- dress
- music
- ceremonies/holidays

Question 6

Chronosystem

Answer 6

The socio-historical conditions of a student’s development.
The pattern of events and transitions over your life span

Question 7

Bronfenbrenners Theory in the classroom

Answer 7

Think about children embedded in several environmental systems and Influences
Attend to connections between school and families

Question 8

Eriksons Life-Span Development Theory

Answer 8

-Presents a developmental view of people’s lives in 8 stages
-Personality develops primarily as a result of resolving conflicts in each stage.

Question 9

Trust vs. Mistrust 0-1 years

Answer 9

Task is to gain a sense of trust in themselves and in the world around them. Developed through consistent love and support.

+outcome: feeling of comfort, minimal fear/anxiety, needs are met, secure attachment

• outcome: fear, discomfort, anxiety, discomfort, insecure attachment

Question 10

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt 1-3years

Answer 10

Discover that their behavior is their own – they can be independent and have self- control. Self-control fostered by support and encouragement.

+outcome: Independence, will, self- control

• outcome: poor self-esteem, inappropriate control

Question 11

Initiative vs. Guilt 3-5years

Answer 11

to engage in active, purposeful, responsible behavior and assert themselves through directing play and social interactions. Developed by exploring and accepting challenges.

+Outcome: sense of responsibility

-Outcome: Increased anxiety and feelings of guilt.

Question 12

Industry vs. Inferiority 6yrs-puberty

Answer 12

Direct energy toward mastering knowledge. Mastery comes from success and recognition.

+Outcome: productivity, good
self-efficacy, development of intellectual skills

• Outcome: Feeling
  unproductive, incompetent. Poor level of self efficacy

Question 13

Identity vs. Role Confusion 10-20yrs

Answer 13

to find out who they are, what they are all about, where they are going in life

+ Outcome: exploration of paths to healthy identity

-Outcome: remain confused about their their identity

Question 14

Identity Diffusion

Answer 14

Inability to commit themselves to choices. Show little interest

Question 15

Identity Moratorium

Answer 15

Desire to make a choice at some time in the future but unable to do so in the present. Commitments are absent or vague.

Question 16

Indenting Foreclosure

Answer 16

Making a choice/ commitment because someone else prescribes to a particular choice.

Question 17

Identity Achievement

Answer 17

Committing to a choice and maintaining that choice under all conditions

Question 18

Intimacy vs. Isolation early adult years

Answer 18

To form positive, close relationships with others

+outcome: Finding oneself and caring about another without losing who you are.

• outcome: Failure to form an intimate relationship becomes socially isolated.

Question 19

Generativity vs. Stagnation middle adulthood

Answer 19

Transmitting something positive to the next generation

Question 20

Integrity vs. Despair late adulthood

Answer 20

Life review and retrospective evaluation of one’s past. Does
your life have meaning?

Question 21

Baumrinds Parenting styles: Neglectful

Answer 21

Parents are uninvolved. Parents are uninvolved.
Children have poor self-
Children have poor self-
control, don’t handle
control, don’t handle
independence well, and low
independence well, and low
achievement motivation.

Question 22

Baumrinds Parenting styles: Authoritarian

Answer 22

Parents are restrictive and
punitive. Children tend to punitive. Children tend to
be socially incompetent,
be socially incompetent,
anxious, and exhibit poor
anxious, and exhibit poor
communication skills. communication skills.

Question 23

Baumrinds Parenting styles: Indulgent

Answer 23

Parents are highly Parents are highly
involved but set few
involved but set few
restrictions. Children have restrictions. Children have
poor self-control.
poor self-control.

Question 24

Baumrinds Parenting styles: Authoritative

Answer 24

Parents are nurturing and
supportive, yet set limits. supportive, yet set limits.
Children are self-reliant, get
Children are self-reliant, get
along with peers, and have
along with peers, and have
high self-esteem.
high self-esteem.

Question 25

Ethnic and Socioeconomic variations in families

Answer 25

Minorities: Families tend to be larger; stronger connection with extended family for support
Higher percentage of single parent homes
Less formal education; lower income
Lower rates of psychiatric disorders
Low income: Tend to value external characteristics such as obedience and neatness
See education as the teacher’s job
Middle-class: Often place high value on internal characteristics such as self-control and delayed gratification
See education as a mutual responsibility

Question 26

Self concept

Answer 26

a cognitive appraisal of our social, physical, and academic competence.

Question 27

Kohlbergs levels of moral development

Answer 27

Preconventional: Moral reasoning is controlled by external rewards and punishments

Conventional: Internal standards are imposed by others

Postconventional: Morality is internal, not based on external standards.

Question 28

Care vs. Justice Perspective

Answer 28

Justice perspective focuses perspective focuses
on rights of individuals

Care perspective emphasizes relationships and concern for others