Psychology- Chapter 11 Flashcards
(31 cards)
language can be acquired through what?
observation and training
the ability to understand what’s being said both to and about us
receptive language
beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in two-word statements
two-word stage
a neurological impairment of language, usually caused by left-hemisphere damage either to Broca’s area or Wernicke’s area
Aphasia
begins at about 4 months, stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds
babbling
a set of spoken, written, or signed words and the way we combine them to communicate meaning
language
short, distinctive sound units such as “a, t, c, sh, f”
phonemes
the smallest units that carry meaning such as prefixes and suffixes
morphemes
a mental representation of an event or object
image
an abstract unit of thought that represents an object or quality
symbol
a representative example of a concept
prototype
a statement of the relation between concepts
rule
the awareness of one’s own cognitive process
metacognition
a step-by-step procedure for solving a problem
algorithm
a rule-of-thumb problem-solving strategy
heuristic
the inability to imagine new functions for familiar objects
functional fixedness
the ability to overcome rigidity
flexibility
mentally rearranging the elements of a problem to arrive at an original solution
recombination
an individual sound that is a basic structural element of language
phoneme
the smallest unit of meaning in a given language
morpheme
language rules that govern how words can be combined to form meaningful phrases and sentences
syntax
a systematic and logical attempt to reach a specific goal, such as a solution to a problem
directed thinking
this type of thinking depends heavily on symbols, concepts, and rules
convergent thinking
this type of thinking consists of a free flow of thoughts with no particular plan and depends more on images
non-directed thinking (divergent thinking)
