Respiratory System- Anatomy Flashcards by Hannah Hayes

What are the main functions of the Respiratory System?

1) Exchange gases (Co2 & O2)
2) Breathing- movement of air
3) Sound Production
4) Olfactory Assistance- sense of smell
5) Protection from dust and microbes entering the body

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process of gas exchange

respiration

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air enters the lungs, gas is exchanged with blood cells (air > blood)

external respiration

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blood travels to body parts and exchanges gas with those tissues (blood > tissue)

internal respiration

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Why do we need oxygen?

so our cells can do cellular respiration

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How does cellular respiration work?

cells use oxygen and sugars to create energy in the form of ATP; ATP is then used to power cellular processes

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nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx

upper respiratory tract

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larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes, lungs

lower respiratory tract

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large, air-filled space behind the nose; continuation of the two nostrils; also contains chemoreceptors for smell and taste

nasal cavity

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divides the nose (bone) into 2 cavities

nasal septum

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bones that divide the nasal cavity, support the mucous membrane and increase surface area

nasal concha (turbinates)

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when the septum bends to one side, results in the nose being crooked > broken nose

deviated septum

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when the turbinates are inflamed from allergies, infections, or a chronic issue > stuffy nose

swollen turbinates

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space within the bones

paranasal sinuses

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what bones are the paranasal sinuses named after?

maxillary
frontal
ethmoid
sphenoid

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behind the oral cavity, between the nasal cavity and larynx (space, not structure)
(nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx)

Pharynx

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enlargement at the top of the trachea; contains voice box and is composed of muscles and cartilage

larynx

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houses vocal cords

voice box

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what muscles and cartilage make up the larynx

thyroid (Adam’s Apple)
cricoids
epiglottic cartilage

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the part of the larynx consisting of the vocal cords and the opening between them

glottis

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consists of false vocal cords and true vocal cords

glottis

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help close airways during swallowing; do not produce sound

false vocal cords

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produce sound

true vocal cords

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triangular slit that opens during talking/breathing, and closes during swallowing

glottis

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closes during swallowing to prevent food from entering the airway

epiglottis

inflammation of the larynx that makes the voice hoarse or the person loses their ability to speak - caused by illness, allergies, smoking, and some medications

laryngitis

(windpipe) flexible cylinder with cartilage to give it stiffness and keep it from collapsing; carries air to the Bronchial Tree

trachea

Know the branches and order of the bronchus

in notes

ciliated mucous membrane and hyaline cartilage

bronchi

cartilaginous plates

bronchial tubes

thinner walls of smooth muscle; lined with ciliated epithelium

bronchioles

located off bronchioles; single layer of epithelial tissues; contain surfactant; surrounded by capillaries

alveoli

Airflow through the lungs

trachea > primary bronchi > secondary bronchi > teritary bronchi > bronchioles

spongy tissue that sits within the pleural cavity

lungs

how many lobes does the right lung have?

3 lobes

how many lobes does the left lung have?

2 lobes

space for the heart

cardiac notch

top of the lung

apex

bottom of the lung

base

what type of fluid lubricates during breathing

serous fluid

large, dome-shaped muscle; contracts continually in a rhythmic pattern; usually involuntary

diaphragm

diaphragm contracts and flattens > chest enlarges; this creates a vacuum that pulls air into the lungs

inhaling

the muscles between the ribs; help form and move the chest wall; help the chest expand and shrink to facilitate breathing

intercostal muscles

as the diaphragm and other muscles relax, elastic recoil from surface tension forces air out; muscles can force extra air out or in

exhalation

Normal Atmospheric Pressure

760 mm Hg

______ is necessary for breathing, which is why it is difficult to breathe in high altitudes and also why a punctured lung can be dangerous

pressure

collapsed lung

pneumothorax

a hole in the pleural cavity can cause the lung to what?

collapse or deflate

accumulation of fluid in an anatomic space

effusion

types of non-respiratory movements

coughing, sneezing, laughing, crying

spasm of the diaphragm

hiccups

possibly caused by low oxygen levels

yawn

measures the amount (volume) of air moving in and out of lungs

spirometry

1 inspiration and 1 expiration

Respiratory Cycle

amount of air that enters the lungs during one cycle of normal breathing

Resting Tidal Volume

the amount of air that can be forced in or out by taking a deep breath

Vital Capacity (lung capacity)

Breathing is ______ but muscles are under ______ control

involuntary, voluntary

groups of neurons in the brain that controls inspiration and expiration

respiratory center

Where is the respiratory center located?

in the medulla and the pons

Dorsal Respiratory Group

rhythm

Ventral Respiratory Group

forced

Pneumotaxic Area (pons)

inhibits respiration

Factors that can affect breathing

1) Rise in CO2 2) Low blood oxygen 3) Emotional upset, fear and pain

increased breathing; lower CO2 concentration; breathing into a bag can restore CO2 concentrations

hyperventilation

what type of cells is the respiratory membrane made up

simple squamous cells

a disease in which there is an overall lack of oxygen content within the body's tissue and vital human organs (specifically the brain)

Hypoxia

a condition of severely deficient supply of oxygen to the body that arises from being unable to breathe normally; an example is choking

Asphyxia

Asphyxia causes _______ ________, which primarily affects the tissues and organs

generalized hypoxia

hereditary disease; mucus clogs the lungs which makes it difficult to breathe and cause infections

Cystic Fibrosis

an obstruction of the airways that occurs with chronic bronchitis and/or emphysema

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

a type of COPD; the walls between the alveoli are damaged causing them to lose their shape and become floppy; smoking is the most common cause

Emphysema

inflammation of the main air passages to the lungs, irritated tissues produce mucus; can be acute or chronic (if it is chronic, it can turn to COPD)

Bronchitis

breathing repeatedly stops and starts during sleep; can lead to major health issues; symptoms include fatigue, snoring

Sleep Apnea

when the throat muscles relax

Obstructive Sleep Apnea

a blood clot that moves to an artery in the lungs; can be fatal; can damage part of the lung

Pulmonary Embolism

abnormal cells start to grow; usually no signs or early symptoms of this; as the cancer stages advance, symptoms include... coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, and bloody mucus

Lung Cancer

brought on by reduced air pressure and lower oxygen concentrations; symptoms can range from mild to life-threatening; can affect muscles, nervous system, lungs, and heart

Altitude Sickness

inflammation of the bronchial tubes with increased production of sticky secretions inside the tubes; symptoms occur when airways tighten or fill with mucus; symptoms include: coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, pain, or pressure

Asthma

Types of Bacteria/Viral Infections

- Pneumonia - Tuberculosis - Influenza - Rhinovirus

causes serious coughing and gasping for breath; dangerous for infants

Whooping Cough (Pertussis)

List the structures that air travels through from outside the nose all the way to the cells

Nasal Cavity > Pharynx > Larynx > Trachea > Bronchus > Bronchioles (primary, secondary, tertiary) > Alveoli > oxygen in the alveoli diffuse into the capillaries where the red blood cells exchange gas and send it to the rest of the body

Differentiate Resting Tidal Volume and Vital Capacity. How were both demonstrated in the lab?

- Resting Tidal Volume: the amount of air that enters the lungs in one breathing cycle - Vital Capacity: the amount of air that can be taken in when you breathe in deeply - Lab: Both differentiate due to sex and level of activity of the person. This is because most athletic people have higher lung capacity due to working out and growing this when becoming in shape. This is also true for people who play instruments. Males generally have a higher capacity for most things and this was true with the lung capacity of the male even without athleticism.

Is breathing voluntary or involuntary? Explain

Both because normal breathing is involuntary because we do it unconsciously. We also breathe voluntarily because we can control how much air we take in like taking deep breath

Explain the breathing mechanism

1) Diaphragm moves down, forcing air into airways > inhale 2) Intercostals contract, enlarging the cavity even more 3) Air exchange happens 4) Relaxing the diaphragm causes elastic recoil > exhale

Why is air pressure necessary for life? How do high altitudes affect this?

At normal pressure levels, we receive plenty of oxygen when we inhale because of diffusion. Without it, we wouldn’t be able to breathe. At high altitudes, there is less air pressure, meaning less oxygen. This makes it harder for oxygen to move through our respiratory system and cells which can lead to low levels of oxygen.

Why do we need oxygen?

So our cells can do cellular respiration. Our cells use oxygen and glucose to create ATP which powers the cells and all processes.

Respiratory System- Anatomy Flashcards

(86 cards)