Psychology Chapter 5: Consciousness

Question 1

_______ is a state of consciousness in which we are awake and able to think.

Answer 1

Alertness

Question 2

_________ is the awareness of internal and external stimuli

Answer 2

Consciousness

Question 3

Conscious and unconscious processes
are different levels of _________

Answer 3

awareness.

Question 4

The _______ is a device that monitors the electrical activity of the brain over time by means of recording electrodes attached to the surface of the scalp.

Answer 4

electroencephalograph (EEG)

Question 5

_________ are periodic fluctuations in physiological functioning

Answer 5

Biological rhythms

Question 6

_________ are the 24-hour biological cycles found in humans and many other species.

Answer 6

Circadian rhythms

Question 7

Research indicates that people generally fall asleep as their body temperature begins to ____ and they awaken as it begins to _____ once again

Answer 7

drop

ascend

Question 8

When exposed to light, some receptors in the retina send direct inputs to a small structure in the hypothalamus called the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) . The SCN sends signals to the nearby_______, whose secretion of the hormone melatonin plays a key role in adjusting biological clocks

Answer 8

pineal gland

Question 9

electromyograph (EMG), which records _____ activity and tension; an electrooculograph (EOG), which records ____ movements; and electrocardiograph (EKG), which records the contractions of the heart

Answer 9

muscular

eye

Question 10

Fill in the missingg items

Answer 10

Question 11

What “sleep stage” is able to perceive, process, access information,vand express that information verbally?

What waves are present?

Answer 11

Awake

Alpha & Beta

Question 12

What stage has Sleep spindles and K complexes?

Wave type?

Answer 12

Stage 2

Theta

Question 13

What stage are small irregular brain waves?

Lasts about 10-12 mins

Answer 13

Stage 1

Question 14

Stages 2 and 3 of the sleep cycle, your respiration rate, heart rate, muscle tension, and body temperature continue to ______

Answer 14

decline

Question 15

_____ stage is also marked by irregular breathing and pulse rate.

Answer 15

REM

Question 16

REM sleep is a deep stage of sleep marked by rapid eye movements, ________ brain waves, and dreaming.

REM = memory consolidation

Answer 16

high-frequency

REM accounts for about 50% of babies’ sleep, as compared with 20% of adults’ sleep.

Question 17

During the course of a night, people usually repeat the sleep cycle about # _____times

Answer 17

four

Question 18

_______ refers to chronic problems in getting adequate sleep that result in daytime fatigue and impaired functioning.

Answer 18

Insomnia

Question 19

________ is a disease marked by sudden and irresistible onsets of sleep during normal waking periods.

Answer 19

Narcolepsy

Question 20

______ involves frequent, reflexive gasping for air that awakens a person and disrupts sleep.

Answer 20

Sleep apnea involves frequent, reflexive gasping for air that awakens a person and disrupts sleep.

Question 21

Somnambulism, or ________, occurs when a person arises and wanders about while remaining asleep.

Answer 21

sleepwalking

Question 22

___________ is marked by potentially troublesome dream enactments during REM periods

Answer 22

REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)

Question 23

Who said dreams are wish fulfillment ?

Answer 23

Freud

Question 24

_______ is a systematic procedure that typically produces a heightened state of suggestibility.

Answer 24

Hypnosis

Altered state of consciousness, called a hypnotic trance

subjects’ role expectations that produce hypnotic effects

Question 25

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a splitting off of mental processes into two separate, simultaneous streams of awareness

Answer 25

Dissociation

Question 26

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ refers to a family of practices that train attention to heighten awareness and bring mental processes under greater voluntary control.

Answer 26

Meditation

Question 27

In \_\_\_\_\_attention approaches, attention is concentrated on a specific object, image, sound, or bodily sensation (such as breathing). The intent in narrowing attention is to clear the mind of its clutter. In open monitoring approaches, attention is directed to the contents of one’s moment-to-moment experience in a nonjudgmental and nonreactive way

Answer 27

focused

Question 28

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are chemical substances that modify mental, emotional, or behavioral functioning.

Answer 28

Psychoactive drugs

Question 29

Stage 1 is light sleep and is dominated by ____ waves on EEG. Stage 2 is slightly deeper and includes theta waves, sleep spindles, and ___ complexes. Stages 3 and 4 are deep (slow-wave) sleep (SWS). ____ waves predominate on EEG. Most sleep disorders occur during Stage _ and _ non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep.

Answer 29

theta K Delta 3&4

Question 30

Dreaming in SWS focuses on consolidating _______ memories. Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is sometimes called _______ sleep: the mind appears close to awake on EEG, but the person is asleep. Eye movements and body paralysis occur in this stage. Dreaming in REM focuses on consolidating ______ memories

Answer 30

declarative paradoxical procedural

Question 31

Depressants include \_\_\_\_\_\_, barbiturates, and benzodiazepines. They promote or mimic GABA activity in the brain.

Answer 31

alcohol

Question 32

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ include amphetamines, cocaine, and ecstasy. They increase dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin concentration at the synaptic cleft.

Answer 32

Stimulants

Question 33

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ include heroin, morphine, opium, and prescription pain medications such as oxycodone and hydrocodone. They can cause death by respiratory depression.

Answer 33

Opiates and opioids aka Narcotics

Question 34

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ include lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), peyote, mescaline, ketamine, and psilocybin-containing mushrooms.

Answer 34

Hallucinogens

Question 35

Marijuana has ______ stimulant, and hallucinogenic effects. Its active ingredient is tetrahydrocannabinol.

Answer 35

depressant

Question 36

Drug addiction is mediated by the _____ which includes the nucleus accumbens, medial forebrain bundle, and ventral tegmental area. Dopamine is the main neurotransmitter in this pathway

Answer 36

mesolimbic pathway

Question 37

\_\_\_\_\_\_ are sleep-inducing drugs that tend to decrease central nervous system activation and behavioral activity.

Answer 37

Sedatives

Question 38

\_\_\_\_\_\_ refers to a progressive decrease in a person’s responsiveness to a drug as a result of continued use

Answer 38

Tolerance

Question 39

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ exists when a person must continue to take a drug to avoid withdrawal illness.

Answer 39

Physical dependence

Question 40

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ exists when a person must continue to take a drug to satisfy intense mental and emotional craving

Answer 40

Psychological dependence

Question 41

Depressants do not directly reduce arousal in the brain; they enhance the activity of the neurotransmitter \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which is responsible for regulating (specifically, decreasing) neuronal excitability throughout the nervous system.

Answer 41

gamma- aminobutyric acid (GABA)