Psychology: Chapter 6: Language (4 Stars)

Question 1

_______ is the process of becoming used to a stimulus

Answer 1

Habituation

Question 2

______ can occur when a second stimulus intervenes, causing a resensitization to the original stimulus.

Answer 2

Dishabituation

Question 3

_______ is a way of pairing together stimuli and responses, or behaviors and consequences.

Answer 3

Associative learning

Question 4

In _______ , an unconditioned stimulus that produces an instinctive, unconditioned response is paired with a neutral stimulus. With repetition, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that produces a conditioned response

Answer 4

classical conditioning

Question 5

In ______, behavior is changed through the use of consequences.

Answer 5

operant conditioning

Question 6

______ increases the likelihood of a behavior.

Answer 6

Reinforcement

Question 7

______ decreases the likelihood of a behavior.

Answer 7

Punishment

Question 8

______ learning, or modeling, is the acquisition of behavior by watching others.

Answer 8

Observational

Question 9

Fill in the missing items

Answer 9

Question 10

________ schedules reinforce a behavior after a specific number of performances of that behavior

Answer 10

Fixed-ratio (FR)

Question 11

______ schedules reinforce a behavior after a varying number of performances of the behavior, but such that the average number of performances to receive a reward is relatively constant.

Answer 11

Variable-ratio (VR)

Question 12

_______ schedules reinforce the first instance of a behavior after a specified time period has elapsed.

Answer 12

Fixed-interval (FI)

Question 13

______ schedules reinforce a behavior the first time that behavior is performed after a varying interval of time

Answer 13

Variable-interval (VI)

Question 14

_______ is a stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning.

Answer 14

unconditioned stimulus (US)

Question 15

_______ is an unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning

Answer 15

unconditioned response (UR)

Question 16

_______ is a previously neutral stimulus that has, through conditioning, acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response.

Answer 16

conditioned stimulus (CS)

When evoked by the US (meat powder), salivation was an unconditioned response. When evoked by the CS (the tone), salivation was a conditioned response

Question 17

______ is a learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning.

Answer 17

conditioned response (CR)

When evoked by the US (meat powder), salivation was an unconditioned response. When evoked by the CS (the tone), salivation was a conditioned response

Question 18

Whenever her family drove to visit her grandmother, they had to cross a rickety, old bridge in the countryside. Her father, in a misguided attempt at humor, made a major production out of these crossings. He would stop short of the bridge and carry on about the great danger. Obviously, he thought the bridge was safe or he wouldn’t have driven across it. However, the naïve young girl was terrified by her father’s scare tactics.

CS?

US?

CR/UR?

Answer 18

Question 19

_______ refers to changes in the liking of a stimulus that result from pairing that stimulus with other positive or negative stimuli.

Answer 19

Evaluative conditioning

Question 20

_______ refers to the initial stage of learning a new response tendency.

Answer 20

Acquisition

Question 21

_______ the gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency.

Answer 21

extinction

Question 22

_______ is the reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of nonexposure to the conditioned stimulus.

Answer 22

Spontaneous recovery

Question 23

_______—if a response is extinguished in a different environment than it was acquired, the extinguished response will reappear if the animal is returned to the original environment where acquisition took place.

Answer 23

renewal effect

Question 24

Sam is 3 years old. One night, his parents build a roaring fire in the family room fireplace. The fire spits out a large ember that hits sam in the arm, giving him a nasty burn that hurts a great deal for several hours. a week later, when sam’s parents light another fire in the fireplace, sam becomes upset and fearful, crying and running from the room.

CS?

US?

CR/UR?

Answer 24

CS: Fire in fireplace

US: Pain from burn

CR/UR: Fear 2. CS: Brake lights in rain US: Car accident CR/UR: Tensing up 3. CS: Sight of cat US: Cat dander CR/UR: Wheezing

Question 25

Melanie is driving to work on a rainy highway when she notices that the brake lights of all the cars just ahead of her have come on. she hits her brakes, but watches in horror as her car glides into a four-car pileup. she’s badly shaken up in the accident. a month later, she’s driving in the rain again and notices that she tenses up every time she sees brake lights come on ahead of her. CS US CR/UR

Answer 25

CS: Brake lights in rain US: Car accident CR/UR: Tensing up

Question 26

At the age of 24, Tyrone has recently developed an allergy to cats. When he’s in the same room with a cat for more than 30 minutes, he starts wheezing. after a few such allergic reactions, he starts wheezing as soon as he sees a cat in a room. CS US CR/UR

Answer 26

CS: Sight of cat US: Cat dander CR/UR: Wheezing

Question 27

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus responds in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus.

Answer 27

Stimulus generalization The more similar new stimuli are to the original CS, the greater the likelihood of generalization.

Question 28

\_\_\_\_\_\_ occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus does not respond in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus.

Answer 28

Stimulus discrimination

Question 29

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, in which a conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus.

Answer 29

higher-order conditioning

Question 30

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ in operant conditioning is the formation of a new response tendency

Answer 30

acquisition

Question 31

\_\_\_\_\_\_ —the reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired response.

Answer 31

shaping

Question 32

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ refers to the gradual weakening and disappearance of a response tendency because the response is no longer followed by reinforcement.

Answer 32

extinction

Question 33

Fill in the missing items

Answer 33

Question 34

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are events that are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs.

Answer 34

Primary reinforcers

Question 35

Secondary, or \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, reinforcers are events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers.

Answer 35

conditioned

Question 36

A schedule of _______ is a specific pattern of presentation of reinforcers over time.

Answer 36

reinforcement

Question 37

\_\_\_\_\_\_ reinforcement occurs when every instance of a designated response is reinforced.

Answer 37

Continuous reinforcement

Question 38

\_\_\_\_\_\_ reinforcement occurs when a designated response is reinforced only some of the time.

Answer 38

Intermittent

Question 39

\_\_\_\_\_\_ schedule, the reinforcer is given after a fixed number of nonreinforced responses.

Answer 39

fixed-ratio (FR) Piecework is reinforced on a fixed-ratio schedule

Question 40

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, the reinforcer is given after a variable number of nonreinforced responses.

Answer 40

variable-ratio (VR) schedule Playing slot machines is based on variable-ratio reinforcement.

Question 41

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ , the reinforcer is given for the first response that occurs after a fixed time interval has elapsed.

Answer 41

fixed-interval (FI) schedule, Watching the clock at work is rewarded on a fixed-interval basis (the arrival of quitting time is the reinforcer).

Question 42

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, the reinforcer is given for the first response after a variable time interval has elapsed.

Answer 42

variable-interval (VI) schedule, Surfers waiting for a big wave are rewarded on a variable-interval basis.

Question 43

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 1. sarah is paid on a commission basis for selling computer systems. she gets a bonus for every third sale. FR, VR, VI, FI

Answer 43

1. FR. Each sale is a response and every third response earns reinforcement.

Question 44

\_\_\_\_\_\_ reinforcement occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus

Answer 44

Positive reinforcement

Question 45

\_\_\_\_\_\_ occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the removal of an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus

Answer 45

Negative reinforcement

Question 46

\_\_\_\_\_\_, an organism acquires a response that decreases or ends some aversive stimulation.

Answer 46

escape learning

Question 47

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ an organism acquires a response that prevents some aversive stimulation from

Answer 47

avoidance learning

Question 48

positive reinforcement (Pr), negative reinforcement (nr), punishment (P), or extinction (e). \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 1. antonio gets a speeding ticket. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 2. Diane’s supervisor compliments her on her hard work. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 3. Leon goes to the health club for a rare workout and pushes himself so hard that his entire body aches and he throws up. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4. audrey lets her dog out so she won’t have to listen to its whimpering. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 5. richard shoots up heroin to ward off tremors and chills associated with heroin withdrawal. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 6. sharma constantly complains about minor aches and pains to obtain sympathy from colleagues at work. Three co-workers who share an office with her decide to ignore her complaints instead of responding with sympathy.

Answer 48

1. Punishment. 2. Positive reinforcement. 3. Punishment. 4. Negative reinforcement (for Audrey); the dog is positively reinforced for its whining. 5. Negative reinforcement. 6. Extinction. When Sharma’s co-workers start to ignore her complaints, they are trying to extinguish the behavior (which had been positively reinforced when it won sympathy)

Question 49

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ occurs when an organism’s responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models.

Answer 49

Observational learning

Question 50

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ To learn through observation, you must pay attention to another person’s behavior and its consequences.

Answer 50

Attention

Question 51

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ You may not have occasion to use an observed response for weeks, months, or even years. Thus, you must store a mental representation of what you have witnessed in your memory.

Answer 51

Retention

Question 52

\_\_\_\_\_ Enacting a modeled response depends on your ability to reproduce the response by converting your stored mental images into overt behavior

Answer 52

Reproduction.

Question 53

These neurons are located in the frontal and parietal lobes of the cerebral cortex and fire both when an individual performs an action and when that individual observes someone else performing that action. They may also play a role in the experience of _____ emotions, or emotions felt as a result of another individual’s experience, such as empathy.

Answer 53

mirror neurons vicarious emotions,

Question 54

\_\_\_\_\_\_ refers to the process of observing another person, then mimicking the same behavior.

Answer 54

Modeling

Question 55

\_\_\_\_\_\_ involves species-specific predispositions to be conditioned in certain ways and not others.

Answer 55

Preparedness

Question 56

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ the idea that some behaviors are harder to teach and retain if they go against innate natural behaviors that animals perform.

Answer 56

instinctive drift

Question 57

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 2. Juan’s parents let him earn some pocket money by doing yard work approximately once a week. FR, VR, VI, FI

Answer 57

VI. A varied amount of time elapses before the response of doing yard work can earn reinforcement.

Question 58

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 3. Martha is fly-fishing. Think of each time that she casts her line as the response that may be rewarded.

Answer 58

VR. Reinforcement occurs after a varied number of unreinforced casts (time is irrelevant; the more casts Martha makes, the more reinforcers she will receive).

Question 59

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4. Jamal, who is in the fourth grade, gets a gold star from his teacher for every book he reads.

Answer 59

CR. The designated response (reading a book) is reinforced (with a gold star) each and every time.

Question 60

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 5. skip, a professional baseball player, signs an agreement that his salary increases will be renegotiated every 3rd year

Answer 60

FI. A fixed time interval (3 years) has to elapse before Skip can earn a salary increase (the reinforcer).