Psychology Midterm (Ch. 5 definitions, terms, people, etc.)

Question 1

Awareness of internal and external stimuli

Answer 1

Consciousness

Question 2

Device that monitors electrical activity of the brain over time by means of recording electrodes attached to the surface of the scalp

Answer 2

EEG (electroencepahlograph)

Question 3

Sleep stages 1 through 4, marked by absence of rapid eye movements,relatively little dreaming, and varied EEG activity

Answer 3

Non-REM sleep

Question 4

Theory of dreaming proposing that dreams are side effects of neural activation that produces beta brain waves during REM sleep associated with wakefulness

Answer 4

Activation-synthesis model

Question 5

Person behind theory with the activation-synthesis model

Answer 5

J. Allan Hobson

Question 6

Systematic procedure that typically produces a heightened state of suggestability

Answer 6

Hypnosis

Question 7

Drug dependence where a person must continue taking a drug to avoid withdrawal illnes

Answer 7

Physical dependence

Question 8

Drug dependence where a person must continue taking a drug to satisfy intense mental and emotional craving

Answer 8

Psychological dependence

Question 9

Any relatively durable change in behavior or knowledge that is due to experience

Answer 9

Learning

Question 10

Learning associations between events that occur in an organism’s environment

Answer 10

Conditioning

Question 11

Type of learning where a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response originally evoked by another stimulus

Answer 11

Classical conditioning

Question 12

Changes in the liking of a stimulus that result from pairing that stimulus with other positive or negative stimuli

Answer 12

Evaluative conditioning

Question 13

Initial stage of learning a new response tendency

Answer 13

Acquisition

Question 14

An organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus responds in the same way to new stimuli similar to the original stimulus

Answer 14

Stimulus generalization

Question 15

A conditioned stimulus functioning like it is an unconditioned stimulus

Answer 15

Higher-order conditioning

Question 16

Circumstances or rules that determine whether responses lead to presentation of reinforcers

Answer 16

Reinforcement contingencies

Question 17

Device that creates a graphic record of responding and reinforcement in a Skinner box as a function of time

Answer 17

Cumulative recorder

Question 18

Cues that influence operant behavior by indicating the probably consequences (reinforcement or nonreinforcement) of a response

Answer 18

Discriminative stimuli

Question 19

Specific pattern of reinforcers over time

Answer 19

Schedule of reinforcement

Question 20

Schedule of reinforcement that occurs when every instance of a designated response is reinforced

Answer 20

Continuous reinforcement

Question 21

Schedule of reinforcement where a designated response is reinforced only some of the time

Answer 21

Intermittent reinforcement

Question 22

A reinforcer is given after a fixed number of nonreinforced responses

Answer 22

Fixed-ratio schedule

Question 23

A reinforcer is given after a variable number of nonreinforced responses

Answer 23

Variable-ratio schedule

Question 24

A reinforcer is given for the first response that occurs after a fixed time interval has elapsed

Answer 24

Fixed-interval schedule

Question 25

A reinforcer is given for the first response that occurs after a variable time interval has elapsed

Answer 25

Variable-interval schedule

Question 26

An organism acquires a response that decreases or ends some aversive stimulation

Answer 26

Escape learning

Question 27

An organism acquires a response that prevents some aversive stimulation from occuring

Answer 27

Avoidance learning

Question 28

Species-specific predispositions to be conditioned in certain ways and not others

Answer 28

Preparedness

Question 29

Accidental strengthening of a response by a reinforcer that follows it, even though delivery of the reinforcer was not a result of the response (Superstitious behavior)

Answer 29

Noncontingent reinforcement

Question 30

Four components of observational learning

Answer 30

Attention, retention, reproduction, motivation

Question 31

Shallow processing that focuses on physical structure of stimulus

Answer 31

Structural encoding

Question 32

Processing that focuses on what a word sounds like

Answer 32

Phonemic encoding

Question 33

Processing that emphasizes meaning of verbal input and thinking about the objects and actions the words represent

Answer 33

Semantic encoding

Question 34

Theory proposing that deeper levels of processing result in longer-lasting memory codes

Answer 34

Levels-of-processing theory

Question 35

Linking a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding

Answer 35

Elaboration

Question 36

Theory proposing that memory is enhanced by forming both semantic and visual codes, since either can lead to recall

Answer 36

Dual-coding theory

Question 37

Organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or event abstracted from previous experience with the object or event

Answer 37

Schema

Question 38

Phenomenon where particpants' recall of an event they witnessed is altered by introducing misleading postevent information

Answer 38

Misinformation effect

Question 39

Proportion of material retained (remembered)

Answer 39

Retention

Question 40

Length of time between presentation of materials o b remembered and the measurement of forgetting

Answer 40

Retention interval

Question 41

Method of measuring forgetting that requires a participant to memorize info a second time to determine how much time or effort is saved by having learned it before

Answer 41

Relearning measure

Question 42

New information impairing retention of previously learned information

Answer 42

Retroactive interference

Question 43

Previously learned information impairing retention of new information

Answer 43

Proactive interference

Question 44

The value of a retrieval cue depends on how well it corresponds to memory code

Answer 44

Encoding specificity principle

Question 45

Memory loss of events that happened before the injury

Answer 45

Retrograde amnesia

Question 46

Memory loss of events that happen after the injury

Answer 46

Anterograde amnesia

Question 47

Hypothetical process involving the gradual conversion of information into durable memory codes stored in long-term memory

Answer 47

Consolidation

Question 48

Memory system that handles factual information

Answer 48

Declarative memory system

Question 49

Memory system that houses memory for actions, skills, conditioned responses, and emotional responses

Answer 49

Nondeclarative memory system

Question 50

Memory system that contains chronological recollections of personal experiences

Answer 50

Episodic memory system

Question 51

Memory system that contains general knowledge not tied to when the information was learned

Answer 51

Semantic memory system