Psychology unit 3 AOS 2

Question 1

What is learning?

Answer 1

The process of acquiring knowledge, skills or behaviours through experience.

Learning can occur intentionally such as when someone takes piano lessons, or unintentionally such as while watching or hearing someone else play the piano.

As a learner we can be active or passive in the process.

Question 2

Classical conditioning:

Answer 2

A process of learning through the involuntary associations between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus that results in a conditioned response.

Question 3

Classical conditioning

Answer 3

• It is a form of involuntary learning where a subject can be conditioned without making any conscious effort to learn the conditioned response (Passive learner)

Question 4

Classical conditioning model: PHASE 1

Answer 4

PHASE 1: Before conditioning has occurred

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) ————> Unconditioned response (UCR)

Neutral Stimulus( Tone, bell) ————>No response

Question 5

Classical conditioning model: PHASE 2

Answer 5

PHASE 2:

Neutral stimulus followed by UCS (no meat powder) ——→ Unconditioned Response (UCR) causes salivation

Question 6

Classical conditioning model: PHASE 3

Answer 6

PHASE 3: After conditioning has occured

Conditioned stimulus (tone) ————————————> Conditioned response (CR) causes salivation

Question 7

PHASE 1:

Answer 7

Before conditioning (Before learning). Present the UCS and the NS seperately to make sure the UCS elicits an autmactic response and that the NS elicits no response.

Question 8

PHASE 2:

Answer 8

The acquisition phase (during conditioning) Present the NS then the UCS repeated to form an association between the two stimuli

Question 9

PHASE 3:

Answer 9

After conditioning (Test phase). When the NS is presented alone and a response still occurs, we say learning has taken place. The NS is now referred to as the CS- which produces the CR

Question 10

Neutral stimulus (NS):

Answer 10

The stimulus that produces no significant response prior to conditioning

Question 11

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS):

Answer 11

The stimulus that produces an unconscious response

Question 12

Unconditioned Response (UCR):

Answer 12

A naturally occurring behaviour in response to a stimulus

Question 13

Conditioned stimulus (CS):

Answer 13

Is originally the neutral stimulus that produces a conditioned response after being repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus

Question 14

Conditioned response (CR):

Answer 14

Is the response which occurs involuntarily after the conditioned stimulus is presented

Question 15

Operant conditioning:

Answer 15

Operant conditioning suggests learning occurs through interacting with the external environment

• Behvaiour is influenced by direct and observable enviornmental consequences of behaviour→ shaping behaviour through consequences
• The learner is active as the behaviour is conciously changed or maintained in response of consequence

Question 16

The three phases of operant conditioning

Answer 16

• Phase 1: Antecedent
• Phase 2: Behaviour
• Phase 3: Consequence

Question 17

Skinner and operant conditioning

Answer 17

Skinner created a device called the operant chamber

Test animals such as rats and pigeons were not exposed to the external environment and could be controlled by the internal environment alone

Question 18

Antecedent
Definition

Answer 18

The stimulus or event that precedes and often elicits a particular behaviour

Question 19

Antecedent example

Answer 19

The owner says the command word ‘sit’ to their dog

Question 20

Behaviour definition

Answer 20

The voluntary actions that occur in the presence of the antecedent

Question 21

Behaviour example

Answer 21

The dog sits in response to the command word ‘sit’

Question 22

Definition of consequence

Answer 22

The outcome of the behaviour, which determines the likelihood that it will occur again

Question 23

Example of the consequence

Answer 23

The owner gives the dog a treat after they sit upon command. This increases the likelihood that the dog will sit on command again in the future.

Question 24

What are the two different types of consequences in operant conditioning?

Answer 24

Reinforcement and punishment

Question 25

What is the consequence: reinforcement?

Answer 25

A consequence that increases the likelihood of a behaviour reoccurring

Question 26

What is the consequence: punishment?

Answer 26

A consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behaviour reoccurring

Question 27

What are the two types of reinforcement?

Answer 27

- Positive reinforcement - Negative reinforcement

Question 28

What are the two types of punishment?

Answer 28

- Positive punishment - Negative punishment

Question 29

What is Positive reinforcement?

Answer 29

The addition of a desirable stimulus, which increases the likelihood of a behaviour occurring

Question 30

What is negative reinforcement?

Answer 30

The removal of an undesirable consequence, which increases the likelihood of a behaviour occurring.

Question 31

What is Positive punishment?

Answer 31

The addition of an undesirable stimulus, which decreases the likelihood of a behaviour occurring

Question 32

What is Negative punishment?

Answer 32

The removal of a desirable stimulus, which decreases the likelihood of a behaviour occurring.

Question 33

what is a reinforcers role?

Answer 33

The aim of reinforcers is to strengthen or increase the likelihood of a response (or behaviour) occurring again.

Question 34

What is the punishers role?

Answer 34

The aim of punishers is to weaken or decrease the likelihood of a response (or behaviour) occurring again.

Question 35

Similarities between classical and operant conditioning

Answer 35

Both are behaviourist approaches to learning Both require several trials in order for learning to occur.

Question 36

Differences between classical and operant conditioning

Answer 36

Operant conditioning involves learning a voluntary behaviour, whereas classical conditioning involves learning a involuntary behaviour. Learners are active during operant conditioning, whereas learners are passive during classical conditioning.

Question 37

Social cognitive approach to learning:

Answer 37

- Social setting and involves various cognitive processes - Learning occurs in a social situation and behaviours can be learnt by watching and imitating others in these settings - Learning integrates a social and cognitive process

Question 38

Stages of observational learning:

Answer 38

- Attention - Retention - Reproduction - Motivation - Reinforcement

Question 39

Attention→

Answer 39

the first stage of observational learning in which individuals actively focus on the models behaviour and the consequences of the behaviour - Learners are more likely to pay attention to models when the model is: - Perceived positively - Liked - Of high status (Such as a celebrity) - Similar to the learner

Question 40

Retention→

Answer 40

The second stage of observational learning in which individuals create a mental representation to remember the models demonstrated behaviour.

Question 41

Reproduction→

Answer 41

The third stage of observational learning in which the individual must have the physical and mental capabilities to replicate the behaviour.

Question 42

Motivation→ The fourth stage is motivation, in which the individual must want to reproduce the behaviour.

Answer 42

Motivation is a cognitive process in which the individuals must desire to perform the behaviour they are observing after they have observed it.

Question 43

Similarity between operant conditioning and social learning theory

Answer 43

Both rquire active learing

Question 44

Difference between operant conditioning and social learning theory

Answer 44

Five steps in operant conditioning, five steps in observational learning