PSYCHOPATH- W1-W12

Question 1

What is the DSM-5-TR definition of a psychological disorder?

Answer 1

Behavioral, psychological, or biological dysfunctions that are unexpected in cultural context and associated with distress, impairment, or risk.

Question 2

What are the three main components of a psychological disorder?

Answer 2

1) Psychological dysfunction, 2) Personal distress or impairment, 3) Atypical or culturally unexpected response.

Question 3

What are the three components of Freud’s psychoanalytic structure of the mind?

Answer 3

Id (pleasure), Ego (reality), Superego (morality).

Question 4

What are Freud’s defense mechanisms?

Answer 4

Displacement, denial, rationalization, reaction formation, projection, repression, and sublimation.

Question 5

What are freud’s psychosexual stages?

Answer 5

Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital.

Question 6

What is Carl Jung known for?

Answer 6

Collective unconscious and personality traits like introversion vs. extroversion.

Question 7

What is Alfred Adler known for?

Answer 7

Inferiority complex, striving for superiority, birth order, and self-actualization.

Question 8

What is Carl Rogers’ person-centered therapy based on?

Answer 8

Unconditional positive regard, empathy, and non-directiveness.

Question 9

What is classical conditioning?

Answer 9

A learning process by which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus to elicit a response (Pavlov).

Question 10

What is operant conditioning?

Answer 10

Learning through consequences; behavior shaped by reinforcement and punishment (Skinner, Thorndike).

Question 11

What neurotransmitters are involved in psychopathology?

Answer 11

Serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, GABA, glutamate.

Question 12

What is the behavioral model of therapy?

Answer 12

Focuses on learning principles (e.g., conditioning); uses techniques like desensitization and modeling (Wolpe, Mary Cover Jones).

Question 13

What is the function of the limbic system in psychopathology?

Answer 13

Involved in emotion regulation, memory (especially hippocampus); relevant in PTSD and anxiety.

Question 14

What are the two branches of the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 14

Sympathetic (activates fight/flight) and Parasympathetic (rest and digest).

Question 15

What is the purpose of clinical assessment?

Answer 15

To understand the individual, predict behavior, plan treatment, and evaluate treatment outcome.

Question 16

What is the ABCs of behavioral observation?

Answer 16

Antecedents, Behavior, Consequences – used to identify patterns and triggers of behaviors.

Question 16

What are the key concepts in assessment?

Answer 16

Reliability, validity, and standardization.

Question 17

What are the types of psychological tests?

Answer 17

Projective (e.g., Rorschach), Objective (e.g., MMPI), Intelligence, Neuropsychological, and Symptom checklists.

Question 18

What is the difference between projective and objective tests?

Answer 18

Projective tests use ambiguous stimuli to access the unconscious (e.g., Rorschach), while objective tests have structured, straightforward items with empirical scoring.

Question 19

What is neuroimaging used for in psychology?

Answer 19

To understand brain structure (CT, MRI) and brain function (fMRI, PET, SPECT).

Question 20

What is psychophysiological assessment?

Answer 20

Measures brain and nervous system activity (e.g., EEG, heart rate, skin conductance).

Question 21

What is the difference between idiographic and nomothetic approaches?

Answer 21

Idiographic focuses on the individual’s uniqueness; nomothetic identifies common characteristics in groups for diagnosis.

Question 22

What are the three classification approaches?

Answer 22

Categorical, dimensional, and prototypical.

Question 23

What are common issues with the DSM-5?

Answer 23

High comorbidity, limited dimensional classification, potential for stigmatization and reification.

Question 24

What was significant about the DSM-III?

Answer 24

Introduced symptom-based classification, improving reliability and validity.

Question 25

What are the advantages of the DSM-5?

Answer 25

Clear criteria, empirical grounding, no axial system, broad categorical organization.

Question 26

What are mood disorders characterized by?

Answer 26

Big deviations in mood, including depressive, manic, and hypomanic episodes.

Question 27

What is major depressive episode?

Answer 27

Extremely depressed mood or loss of pleasure for at least two weeks with four additional symptoms (e.g., fatigue, sleep disturbance, worthlessness).

Question 28

What is a manic episode?

Answer 28

Elevated or expansive mood for at least one week, including symptoms like inflated self-esteem, decreased need for sleep, and risky behavior.

Question 29

What is a hypomanic episode?

Answer 29

Shorter, less severe manic episode lasting at least four days, causing less impairment.

Question 30

What is the difference between unipolar and bipolar mood disorders?

Answer 30

Unipolar includes only depressive or manic episodes, bipolar includes both.

Question 31

What are the DSM-5 depressive disorders?

Answer 31

Major depressive disorder, persistent depressive disorder, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, disruptive mood dysregulation disorder.

Question 32

What is persistent depressive disorder?

Answer 32

Depressed mood most of the day on more than 50% of days for at least two years with no more than two months symptom-free.

Question 33

What is Bipolar I Disorder?

Answer 33

Alternations between major depressive episodes and manic episodes.

Question 34

What is Bipolar II Disorder?

Answer 34

Alternations between major depressive episodes and hypomanic episodes.

Question 35

What is cyclothymic disorder?

Answer 35

Chronic alternation between less severe depressive and hypomanic symptoms for at least two years.

Question 36

What neurotransmitter is most implicated in mood disorders?

Answer 36

Serotonin, which regulates norepinephrine and dopamine; low levels are linked to mood disorders.

Question 37

What are psychological causes of depression?

Answer 37

Negative attributional style, cognitive distortions, stress, lack of social support, and hopelessness.

Question 38

What is the depressive cognitive triad?

Answer 38

Negative thoughts about self, world, and future (A.T. Beck).

Question 39

What is the gender ratio for major depression?

Answer 39

Approximately 2:1, with females more affected.

Question 40

What are risk factors for suicide?

Answer 40

Family history, low serotonin, mental disorders, alcohol abuse, stressful events, previous attempts, and access to lethal means.

Question 41

What is the difference between fear and anxiety?

Answer 41

Fear is immediate and present-oriented; anxiety is future-oriented and involves tension.

Question 42

What are the two types of panic attacks?

Answer 42

Expected (cued) and unexpected (uncued).

Question 43

What neurotransmitter systems are implicated in anxiety?

Answer 43

GABA, noradrenergic, and serotonergic systems.

Question 44

What are the psychological contributions to anxiety?

Answer 44

Freud's reactivation of fear, classical and operant conditioning, and modeling.

Question 45

What is Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)?

Answer 45

Excessive, uncontrollable worry lasting 6+ months with somatic symptoms like muscle tension and fatigue.

Question 46

What is Panic Disorder?

Answer 46

Recurrent unexpected panic attacks and concern about future attacks for 1+ month.

Question 47

What is Agoraphobia?

Answer 47

Fear or avoidance of situations where escape is difficult or help may not be available.

Question 48

What is interoceptive avoidance?

Answer 48

Avoidance of internal bodily sensations associated with panic, like heart rate or sweating.

Question 49

What is a specific phobia?

Answer 49

Extreme, irrational fear of a specific object/situation, leading to avoidance and distress.

Question 50

What are the main types of specific phobias?

Answer 50

Blood-injection-injury, situational, natural environment, and animal phobias.

Question 51

What is Social Anxiety Disorder?

Answer 51

Extreme fear of negative evaluation in social/performance situations, leading to avoidance or distress.

Question 52

What is OCD?

Answer 52

Obsessions (intrusive thoughts) and compulsions (repetitive behaviors) aimed at reducing distress.

Question 53

What is thought-action fusion?

Answer 53

Belief that thinking something is morally equivalent to acting on it, common in OCD.

Question 54

What is nocturnal panic?

Answer 54

Panic attacks during non-REM sleep, often due to deep relaxation.

Question 55

What is schizophrenia?

Answer 55

A severe disorder involving cognitive, emotional, and behavioral dysfunction, including delusions, hallucinations, disorganised speech, and inappropriate emotions.

Question 56

What are positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

Answer 56

Delusions, hallucinations, and disorganised speech or behavior—excesses or distortions of normal functioning.

Question 57

What are negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

Answer 57

Avolition, alogia, anhedonia, affective flattening, and asociality—deficits in normal behavior.

Question 58

What are disorganised symptoms of schizophrenia?

Answer 58

Disorganised speech, behavior, and inappropriate affect; includes catatonia.

Question 59

What is the DSM-5-TR criteria for schizophrenia?

Answer 59

At least two symptoms (delusions, hallucinations, disorganised speech, grossly disorganised/catatonic behavior, or negative symptoms), with at least one from the first three, lasting 6+ months.