psychopathoglogy

Question 2

definitions of abnormality:
SI
FFA
DIMH
DSN

Answer 2

SI= statistical infrequency
FFA= failure to function adequately
DIHM= deviation from ideal mental health
DSN= deviation from social norms

Question 3

symptoms of depression (internal)

Answer 3

cognitive- negative thinking, poor concentration

emotional- low mood, feelings of worthlessness

behavioural- reduced activity, distruption to sleeping/eating

Question 4

cognitive explanations of depression (CBT)

Answer 4

becks traid- negative schemas, cognitive biases, negative triad

ellis’ ABC model- A= activating event B= belief C= consequences

types of disputes in CBT- logical, empirical, pragmatic

Question 5

symptoms of phobias (internal & external):

Answer 5

internal:

emotional- anxiety, fear

cognitive- irrational beliefs, selective attention

external:

behavioural- avoidance, panic

Question 6

behavioural explanations of phobias:
(two-process model)

Answer 6

OC (operant conditioning)- maintenance through negative reinforcement

CC (classical conditioning)- acquisition through association (e.g. little albert)

Question 7

behavioural treatments of phobias:

Answer 7

systematic desensitisation- gradual exposure + relaxation

flooding- immediate exposure to phobic stimulus

discussion- ethical concerns, effectiveness, patient suitability

Question 8

symptoms of OCD (internal & external):

Answer 8

internal:

cognitive- obsessive thoughts

emotional- anxiety, distress

external:

behavioural- compulsions

Question 9

biological explanations of OCD:

Answer 9

neurotransmitters:
- low serotonin
- high dopamine

worry circuit- malfuction in OFC, caudate nucleus, thalamus

evidence- twin studies, drug effectiveness

DSM- diagnostic criteria for OCD

Question 10

biological treatments of OCD

Answer 10

SSRIs- selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

BZs: benzodiazepines (e.g. valium- enhances GABA activity to reduce anxiety)

tricyclics- e.g. clomipramine: and older type of antidepressant, blocks reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine; often used when SSRIs arent effective)

most appropriate- SSRIs (fewer side effects and good effectiveness)
most effecive- SSRIs (for most, but tricyclis can be more effective for treatment- resistant causes)