Psychopathology

Question 1

What are the definitions of Abnormality?

Answer 1

• Statistical Deviation
• Deviation from Social Norms
• Failure to Function Adequately
• Deviation from Ideal Mental Health

Question 2

What is Statistical Deviation?

Answer 2

A person’s trait, thinking or behavior is classified as abnormal if it is rare or statistically unusual = abnormal.

Question 3

What are Pros and Cons about Statistical Deviation?

Answer 3

PROS;
• Real life application - can used to diagnose Intellectual disability disorder.
CONS;
• Unusual characteristics may be positive but still ‘abnormal’ e.g. very high IQ.

Question 4

What is Deviation from Social Norms?

Answer 4

Behaving in a way that is different from what we expect = abnormal.

Question 5

What are Pros and Cons about Dev. from Social Norms?

Answer 5

CONS;

• No agreed social norms, they’re different with culture.

Question 6

What is Failure to Function Adequately?

Answer 6

When a person fails to cope with demands of day to day life = abnormal.

Question 7

What is the Criteria for Failure to Function Adequately?

Answer 7

ROSERHAM'S CRITERIA;
•not conforming to interpersonal rules
•maladaptive behaviors e.g. not useful behavior
•irrational or dangerous behavior
•unpredictable behavior.

Question 8

What is Deviation from Ideal Mental Health?

Answer 8

Abnormality is not meeting the criteria needed.

Question 9

What is the Criteria for Dev. from Ideal Mental Health?

Answer 9

JAHODA’S CRITERIA;
•positive view of self
•personal growth & self actualization
•integration - cope with stress & maintaining relationship
•autonomy - independency
•accurate perception of reality
•mastery of environment - functioning well & coping

Question 10

What are Pros and Cons for Dev. from Ideal Mental Health?

Answer 10

PROS;
•comprehensive, gives us criteria.
CONS;
•criteria sets unrealistically high standards.

Question 11

What are Phobias?

Answer 11

Excessive fear & anxiety, fear out of proportion to threat.

Question 12

What are the 3 categories for phobias?

Answer 12

Specific Phobias, Social Anxiety and Agoraphobia.

Question 13

What is meant by specific phobias?

Answer 13

Fear of specific objects or situation.

Question 14

What is meant by Social Anxiety?

Answer 14

Fear of certain social situations.

Question 15

What is meant by Agoraphobia?

Answer 15

Fear of public places/outside.

Question 16

What are the BEHAVIORAL characteristics of Phobias?

Answer 16

Panic - in response to phobia
Avoidance - avoiding confrontation with phobia
Endurance - in presence of phobia but high anxiety.

Question 17

What are the EMOTIONAL characteristics of Phobias?

Answer 17

Anxiety - unpleasant state of arousal

Unreasonable Emotional Responses -

Question 18

What are the COGNITIVE characteristics of Phobias?

Answer 18

Irrational Beliefs - increased pressure

Cognitive Distortions - e.g. view belly button as ugly

Question 19

What is an explanation for Phobias?

Answer 19

Two Process Model.

Question 20

What is the Two Process Model?

Answer 20

Phobias are acquired through learning processes.
MOWRER (1960)-
•we acquire a phobia through classical conditional and it’s maintained through operant conditioning.

Question 21

What is a study for the Two Process Model?

Answer 21

Little Albert - WATSON -
• used 9 month baby to have phobia of fluffy objects and animals
• used an iron bar to make a loud noise when in contact with rat - loud noise associated with rat lead to phobia of rat.

Question 22

What are Pros of the Two Process Model?

Answer 22

PROS;

•explained how phobias are maintained over time and helped therapies.

Question 23

What is a treatment for Phobias?

Answer 23

Systematic Desensitization

Question 24

What is Systematic Desensisitation?

Answer 24

Stage based therapy to reduce anxiety, teaches patient to relax and uses counter conditioning.

Question 25

What are the stages of Systematic Desensitization?

Answer 25

* Anxiety Hierarchy * Relaxation * Exposure

Question 26

What is the Anxiety Hierarchy stage?

Answer 26

Patient & therapist create hierarchy of least feared to most feared.

Question 27

What is the Relaxation stage?

Answer 27

Patient is taught relaxation techniques e.g. breathing.

Question 28

What is the Exposure stage?

Answer 28

Patient works through hierarchy, starting from bottom, completing all levels. Once the hierarchy is completed, phobia is treated.

Question 29

What is Flooding?

Answer 29

Immediate exposure to the feared phobia, is done in 2-3hr session and prevents avoidance.

Question 30

What is Depression?

Answer 30

Category of mood disorders.

Question 31

What are the Behavioral Characeristics of Depression?

Answer 31

* Activity levels - reduced energy * Disruption to sleep and eat * Aggression

Question 32

What are the Emotional Characteristics of Depression?

Answer 32

* Lowered mood - sad * Anger - negative emotions * Low selfesteem

Question 33

What are the Cognitive Characteristics of Depression?

Answer 33

* Poor concentration | * Dwelling on the negative

Question 34

What are the Explanations for Depression?

Answer 34

Beck's Cognitive Theory of Depression & Negative Triad and Ellis' ABC Model.

Question 35

What is Beck's Theory?

Answer 35

Some people are more vulnerable to depression than others due to •Faulty Info Processing •Negative Self Schemas •Negative Triad

Question 36

What is Faulty Information Processing?

Answer 36

Focusing on negative aspects and ignoring positives.

Question 37

What are Negative Self Schemas?

Answer 37

Interpreting yourself in a negative way.

Question 38

What is the Negative Triad?

Answer 38

Negative views about future → negative views about oneself → negative views about the world → All enhancing depression.

Question 39

What are Pros and Cons of Becks theory?

Answer 39

PROS; ✔️- CBT found to be effective in treating depression, good practical application. CONS; ❌- cannot explain all types and symptoms.

Question 40

What was Ellis's theory?

Answer 40

Claimed good mental health is due to rational thinking.

Question 41

What was his ABC Model?

Answer 41

* Activating Event - events that trigger irrational beliefs * Beliefs - Belief we must always succeed 'Musturbation' * Consequences- When activating event triggers an irrational belief there are usually emotional consequences.

Question 42

What is a treatment for Depression?

Answer 42

CBT- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

Question 43

What is CBT?

Answer 43

Client & therapist work together to clarify the problems and identify goals for the patient together.

Question 44

What is Beck's Therapy?

Answer 44

Based on his explanation of depression e.g. negative triad Aims to identify negative thoughts and challenge the thoughts through reality testing e.g. keeping diary of positive events.

Question 45

What is Ellis's Therapy?

Answer 45

REBT - | dispute irrational beliefs and argue with patient to change the irrational beliefs to rational ones.

Question 46

What is OCD?

Answer 46

Characterized by obsessions (recurring thoughts) and compulsions (repetitive behaviors).

Question 47

What is the OCD Cycle?

Answer 47

Obessions, anxiety, compulsions, relief.

Question 48

What is the Explanation for OCD?

Answer 48

Genetic and Neural factors; LEWIS- found from OCD patients, 37% had parents with OCD, 21% siblings with OCD Suggest OCD is passed down through genes.

Question 49

What is Polygenic in OCD?

Answer 49

OCD is not caused by a single gene | TAYLOR - evidence of up to 230 diff. genes linked with OCD.