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FINALS > Public Health > Flashcards

Public Health Flashcards

1
Q

asylum seeker definition

A
  • person who has made application for refugee status
  • can access GP and A+E
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2
Q

culture definition

A
  • socially transmitted patterns of shared meanings by which people communicate and develop their knowledge and attitudes about life
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3
Q

domestic abuse - standard risk

A
  • does not suggest imminent serious harm = signpost
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4
Q

domestic abuse - moderate risk

A

potential for serious harm but unlikely unless change in circumstance = signpost

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5
Q

domestic abuse high risk

A

imminent risk of serious harm
- multiagency risk assessment conference
- independent domestic violence advice services

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6
Q

primary prevention

A
  • prevent disease occuring
    vaccines
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7
Q

secondary prevention

A
  • early detection of disease in high risk groups
  • screening
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8
Q

tertiary prevention

A
  • preventing complications of disease
  • cardiac rehab
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9
Q

Wilson and Jugner screening criteria

A
  • Disease = known natural hx and latent phase
  • Test = suitable, acceptable, determined interval
  • Tx = acceptable, who to treat, available
  • Benefit outweighs risk
  • Cost effective
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10
Q

Just healthcare

A
  • Libertarian = responsibility for self
  • Maximising principle = who gain the most
  • Egalitarian = equal access, equality and justice
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11
Q

3 domains of public health

A
  • Health improvement
  • Health protection
  • Improving services
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12
Q

health behaviour

A

behaviour aimed at preventing disease

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13
Q

illness behaviour

A

behaviour aimed at seeking remedy

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14
Q

sick role behaviour

A

behaviour aimed at getting well

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15
Q

perception of risk

A
  • lack personal experience
  • belief preventable by personal action
  • belief if not happened now unlikely to
  • belief problem is infrequent
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16
Q

epidemiological approach to health needs

A

define problems and sercices available

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17
Q

comparative approach

A

compares services recieved by one population to another

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18
Q

corporate appraoch

A
  • consider views of providers, proffessionals, patients, politicians
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19
Q

health belief model

A
  • susceptible
  • personal action
  • serious consequences
  • benefits outweight costs
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20
Q

theory of planned behaviour

A
  • personal attitude
  • social norms
  • percieved behavioural control
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21
Q

transtheoretical model

A
  • precontemplation
  • contemplation
  • planning
  • action
  • maintenance/relapse
22
Q

evaluation of health services

A
  • structure = what is there
  • process = what is done
  • outcome = morbidity, mortality
23
Q

sustainability

A
  • meeting needs of present without compromising needs of future
24
Q

pillars of clinical governance

A
  • clinical effectiveness
  • audits
  • education training
  • research involvement
  • open and honest
25
Q

proffessional governance

A
  • responsibility
  • knowledge
  • relationships with pt and colleagues
26
Q

misconduct

A
  • deliberate harm
  • lack candour
  • fraud
  • improper relationships
27
Q

medical negligence - 4 criteria

A
  • duty of care
  • breach in duty of care
  • pt come to harm
  • did breach cause harm
28
Q

cohort design advantages

A
  • ethically safe
  • participants can be matched
  • timing and directionality
  • eligibility criteria can be standardised
29
Q

cohort design disadvantages

A
  • controls hard to identify
  • exposure may be linked to hidden confounder
  • rare disease = larger sample size needed
30
Q

what is cohort design

A
  • exposed and not exposed group
  • evaluate outcome
31
Q

RCT advantages

A
  • unbiased distribution of confounders
  • randomisation facilitates stats analysis
32
Q

RCT disadvantages

A
  • expensive
  • volunteer bias
  • ethically problematic
33
Q

case control advantages

A
  • quick and cheap
  • only feasible method for very rare disorders
34
Q

case control disadvantages

A
  • relienace on recall or records
  • selection of control difficult
  • potential recall and selection bias
35
Q

cross sectional advantages

A
  • cheap
  • simple
  • ethical
36
Q

cross sectional disadvantage

A
  • recall bias, social desirability bias
  • research bias
  • unequal group sizes
37
Q

case control study

A
  • compares 2 groups of people
  • groups with and without disease selected and past exposures identified
  • retrospective study
38
Q

cohort study is

A

-longitudinal
- follows participants over time epriod
- sa,ple from study pop and split into subgroups = one exposed and other not

39
Q

cross sectional are

A

look at data at single point in time
- expousre and outcome measured simultaneously in given pop at particular point in tiem

40
Q

Sensitivity

A

true +ve / true +/false -ve
= those with the disease who are correctly identified

41
Q

Specificity

A

True neg /true neg + false +
- proportion of people without the disease who are correctly excluded by the screening test

42
Q

PPV

A

true +ve / TP + false +ve

43
Q

NPV

A

true -ve / TN + false -ve

44
Q

Lead time bias

A

When screening identifies an outcome earlier than it would otherwise have been identified this results in an apparent increase in survival time even if screening has no effect on outcome

45
Q

Length time bias

A

Differences in the length of time taken for a condition to progress to severe effects, that may affect the apparent efficacy of a screening method

46
Q

odds

A
  • = No cases/no. non cases
47
Q

odds ratio

A

> 1 = greater odds of associated with exposure and outcome
<1 = lower odds of association between exposure and outcome

48
Q

prevalence proportion

A
  • no. cases at the time/total pop at time
49
Q

incidence rate

A

= no. diagnosed/time period x100

50
Q

phase 1 drug development

A
  • small studies on healthy volunteers
  • assesses dynamics and kinetics
51
Q

phase 2 drug studies

A
  • small studies on actual patients
  • efficacy and adverse effects
52
Q

phase 3 drug studies

A
  • larger studies
  • efficacy and adverse effects
  • may compare drug with existing treatments
  • studies of special groups

FINALS (31 decks)

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