Public Health Flashcards
(223 cards)
1
Q
A specialized area of biology that deals with living things usually too small for the naked eye without magnification
A
Microbiology
2
Q
used for microorganisms in reference to their role in infection and disease
A
Microbes
3
Q
microorganisms not having a nucleus and are smaller in size
A
Prokaryote
4
Q
microorganisms having a nucleus and is larger
A
Eukaryotes
5
Q
Dutch tailor, merchant, and self-made microbiologist who made the microscope
A
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek
6
Q
Taxonomy
A
Linnaeus
7
Q
Infection control and epidemiology
A
Semmelweis/Snow
8
Q
Industrial microbiology, food and beverage technology
A
Pasteur
9
Q
Microbial metabolism, genetics, genetic engineering
A
Buchner
10
Q
Etiology
A
Koch
11
Q
Virology
A
Ivanowski
12
Q
Environmental microbiology Ecological Microbiology
A
Beijerinwick / Winogradsky
13
Q
Microbial Morphology
A
Gram
14
Q
Antiseptic medical techniques, Hospital microbiology
A
Lister/Nightingale
15
Q
Serology, Immunology
A
Jenner/von Behring/Kitasato
16
Q
Chemotherapy
A
Ehrlich:
17
Q
Pharmaceutical microbiology
A
Fleming
18
Q
The formal system for organizing, classifying, and naming living things.
A
Taxonomy
19
Q
Swedish botanist, laid down the basic rules for taxonomic categories, or taxa
A
Carl von Linné
20
Q
The orderly arrangement of organisms into groups, preferably in a format that shows evolutionary relationships.
A
Classification
21
Q
The process of assigning names to the various taxonomic rankings of each microbial species.
A
Nomenclature
22
Q
The process of discovering and recording the traits of the organisms so that they may be placed in an overall taxonomic scheme.
A
Identification
23
Q
the method of assigning the scientific or specific name.
A
Binomial system of nomenclature
24
Q
The natural relatedness between groups of living things.
A
Phylogeny
25
Used by biologists to create a system of taxonomy.
Phylogenetic relationships
26
added a 5th kingdom for fungi during the period 1959-1969.
Traditional Whittaker system
27
A system proposed by Carl Woese and George Fox that assigns all organisms to one of three domains, each described by a different type of cell.
Woese-Fox system
28
Organisms that derive their nutrients from other organisms; require one or more organic compounds as their carbon source.
Heterotrophs
29
Organisms that utilize inorganic source of carbon (C02). Also called primary producers
Autotrophs
30
Organisms that obtain energy from organic and inorganic chemical compounds
Chemotrophs
31
contain pigments that allow them to use light as an energy source
Phototrophs
32
organisms that acquire electrons from the same organic molecules that provide them carbon and energy.
Organotrophs
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organisms that acquire electrons from inorganic sources
Lithotrophs
34
Organisms that obtain energy from organic compound
Chemoorganotrophs
35
Microorganisms that can extract energy from the compound only in the presence of oxygen
Aerobes
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microorganisms that can extract energy from the compound only in the absence of oxygen
Anaerobes
37
Organisms that can tap the energy available from inorganic compounds.
Chemolithotrophs
38
Organisms inhabiting extreme environments
Extremophiles
39
Fundamental unit of life
Cell
40
Refers to the chemical reactions in the cell, including the synthesis of proteins on ribosomes and the capture and release of energy.
Metabolism
41
A cell can direct a series of biochemical events that results in growth and division to form new cells.
Reproduction
42
A process by which new substances or structures are formed
Differentiation
43
Cells respond to chemical signals in their environment, including those produced by other cells.
Communication
44
A process wherein cells can assess their own numbers by way of small diffusible molecules passed between neighboring cells
Quorum sensing
45
Motility originates from special locomotor structures
Movement
46
the process through which cells can change their characteristics and transmit these new properties to their offspring
Evolution
47
Simple, single-cell life forms. Lack nucleus or organelles
Prokaryotic Cells
48
Projections that extend from the cells of some bacteria
Appendages
49
Propel a cell through its environment
Flagella
50
With single flagellum
Monotrichous
51
Small branches or tufts of flagella emerging from the same site
Lophotrichous
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with flagella at both poles of the cell
Amphitrichous
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flagella are dispersed randomly over the surface of the cell
Peritrichous
54
Sticky, bristle-like projections used to adhere to one to one another or substance in the environment
Fimbriae
55
provide a means for genetic exchange
Pili
56
Gelatinous, sticky substance that surrounds the outside of the cell
Glycocalyx
57
Boundary layer of bacteria
Cell Envelope
58
- a staining technique developed by a Danish physician named Hans Christian Gram, that delineates two major groups of bacteria
Gram Stain
59
A macromolecule which makes the cell walls of most bacteria relatively rigid.
Peptidoglycan
60
An important reaction site for substances that enter and leave the cell
Periplasmic space
61
Provides the kind of strong structural support necessary to keep a bacterium from bursting or collapsing because of changes in osmotic pressure.
Cell Wall
62
§ Bacteria that naturally lack a cell wall.
Mycoplasmas
63
a process of cell destruction, as occurs in bursting
lysis
64
property of extreme variations in shape
Pleomorphism
65
adheres to cells in the lungs and causes pneumonia in human
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
66
wall-deficient forms of bacteria
L forms or L-phase variants
67
what a gram-positive cell becomes of when it is exposed to either lyzosome or penicillin and loses its cell wall completely
Protoplast
68
what a gram-negative cell becomes of when exposed to lyzosome or penicillin, losing its peptidoglycan but retains its outer membrane, leaving it less fragile.
Spheroplast
69
Appearing just beneath the cell wall
Cell Membrane
70
Internal folds formed by the cell membrane in the cytoplasm
Mesosomes
71
A dense, gelatinous solution surrounded by the cell membrane
Cytoplasm or cytoplasmic matrix
72
An extremely long molecule of DNA that is tightly coiled to fit inside the cell compartment.
Chromosome
73
the chemical substance that comprises the genetic material of organisms; master computer of cells
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
74
Central area of the cell where the chromosomes are condensed
Nucleoid
75
Tiny strands which exist as separate double-stranded circles of DNA, although at times they can become integrated into the chromosome.
Plasmids
76
helper molecules responsible for carrying out DNA's instructions and translating the DNA program into proteins that perform life functions.
ribonucleic acid (RNA)
77
Made of RNA and protein
Ribosomes
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rate the molecular sizes of various cell parts that have been spun down and separated by molecular weight and shape in a centrifuge.
Svedberg units
79
Storage structures where nutrients are stored during periods of nutrient abundance
Inclusions
80
Helps give the bacterium its shape
Cytoskeleton
81
A highly resistant structure for survival
Endospore
82
process of forming an endospore when the cell is exposed to adverse environmental conditions.
Sporulation
83
spherical or ball-shaped; oval, bean-shaped or even pointed variants
Coccus
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or rod, cylindrical (longer than wide)
Bacillus
85
short and plump
Coccobacillus
86
gently curved
Vibrio
87
curved or spiral-shaped cylinder; rigid helix twisted twice or more along its axis.
Spirillum
88
more flexible form that resembles a spring
Spirochete
89
Due to individual variations in the cell wall structure caused by nutritional or slight hereditary differences.
Pleomorphic
90
considered rod-shaped, in culture they display club-shaped, swollen, curved, filamentous and coccoid variations
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
91
have greatest variety in arrangement
Cocci
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in pairs
Diplococci
93
groups of four
Tetrads
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In chains of a few to hundreds of cells
Streptococci
95
cubical packet of 8, 16 or more cells
Sarcina
96
Less varied in arrangement because they divide only in transverse plane
Bacilli
97
pair of cells with their ends attached
Diplobacilli
98
chain of several cells
Streptobacilli
99
formed when the cells of a chain remain partially attached by a small hinge region at the ends
Palisades
100
Occasionally found in short chains
Spirilla
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Rarely remain attached after division
Spirochetes
102
Traits that can be valuable aids to identification are combinations of cell shape and size, Gram stain reaction, acid-fast reaction, and special structures, including endospores, granules, and capsules. Electron microscope studies can pinpoint additional structural features (such as the cell wall, flagella, pili, and fimbriae).
Microscopic Morphology
103
Appearance of colonies, including texture, size, shape, pigment, speed of growth and patterns of growth in broth and gelatin media.
Macroscopic Morphology
104
Enzymes and other biochemical properties of bacteria are fairly reliable and stable expressions of the "chemical identity" of each species. Diagnostic tests determine the presence of specific enzymes and assess nutritional and metabolic activities.
Physiological/Biochemical Characteristics
105
○ Analyzing the types of specific structural substances that the bacterium contains. such as the chemical composition of peptides in the cell wall and lipids in membranes.
Chemical Analysis
106
Bacteria display molecules called antigens that are recognized by the immune system. One immune response to antigens is to produce antibodies that are designed to bind tightly to the antigens
Serological Analysis
107
○ Analysis examining the genetic material itself has revolutionized the identification and classification Of bacteria.
Genetic and Molecular
108
One of the most valuable indicators of evolutionary relatedness is the sequence of nitrogen bases in ribosomal RNA, a major component ribosomes.
Nucleic acid sequencing and rRNA analysis
109
largest phylum of bacteria
Proteobacteria
110
Free-living and not involved in disease
Nonpathogenic bacterial groups
111
independent cells that contain special light-trapping pigments and can use the sunlight energy to synthesize all required nutrients from simple inorganic compounds.
Photosynthetic bacteria
112
also called blue-green bacteria; oldest types of bacteria on earth; very widely distributed in nature.
Cyanobacteria
113
extensive internal membranes of cyanobacteria, which contain granules of chlorophyll a and other photosynthetic pigments.
Thylakoids
114
They differ from cyanobacteria in having a different type of chlorophyll called bacteriochlorophyll and by not giving off oxygen as a product of photosynthesis
Green and purple sulfur bacteria
115
A mixed collection of gram negative bacteria that live in water and soil.
Gliding, fruiting bacteria
116
lime bacteria; most intriguing and exceptional members of the group.
Myxobacteria
117
are within the gram-negative group but are small obligate intracellular parasites that replicate within cells of the hosts they invade.
Rickettsias and chlamydias
118
named for Howard Ricketts, a physician who first worked with these organisms and later lost his life to typhus.
Rickettsias
119
caused by Rickettsia rickettsii (transmitted by ticks)
Rocky Mountain spotted fever
120
caused by Rickettsia typhi (transmitted by fleas
Murine typhus
121
caused by Rickettsia prowazekii (transmitted by lice)
Endemic typhus
122
caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi (transmitted by chiggers)
Scrub typhus
123
Single-celled, simple organisms which are prokaryotic in general structure and share many bacterial characteristics
Archea
124
which convert C02 and 1-12 into methane gas (CHA
methanogens
125
grow at very high temperatures
Hyperthermophiles
126
grow at very low temperatures
Psychrophilic
127
require salt to grow and may have such a high salt tolerance that they can multiply in sodium chloride solutions
Halophiles
128
Nearly any object can serve as source of microbes. Common ones are body fluids and tissues, foods, water and soil. Specimens are removed by some form of sampling device
Specimen collection
129
producing a culture by introducing a tiny sample (inoculum) into a container of nutrient medium
Inoculation
130
An incubator creates the proper growth temperature and other conditions. This promotes multiplication of the microbes over a period of hours, days, and even weeks. Incubation produces a culture—the visible growth of the microbe in or on the medium
Incubation
131
separating one species from another
Isolation
132
The colonies or broth cultures are observed macroscopically for growth characteristics (color, texture, size) that could be useful in analyzing the specimen contents.
Inspection
133
A major purpose of the Five "I's is to determine the type of microbe, usually to the level of species.
Identification
134
water-based solutions that do not solidify at temperatures above freezing and that tend to flow freely when the container is tilted.
Liquid media
135
exhibit a dotlike consistency at ordinary room temperature; contain an amount of solidifying agent (agar or gelatin) that thickens them but does not produce firm substrate.
Semisolid media
136
rovide a firm surface on which cells can form discrete colonies
Solid media
137
With chemically defined compositions
Synthetic media
138
One component of the media is not chemically definable
No synthetic or complex media
139
designed to grow a broad spectrum of microbes that do not have special growth requirements.
General-purpose media
140
contains complex organic substances such as blood, serum, hemoglobin or special growth factors
Enriched media
141
Contains one or more agents that inhibit the growth the unwanted background microorganisms and allowing growth of the desired ones
Selective Media
142
Grow several types of microorganisms but are designed to bring out visible differences among those microorganisms
Differential Media
143
the ability to make objects appear large
Magnification
144
he ability to show detai
Resolution or resolving power
145
Wet mounts and hanging drop mounts permit examination Of the characteristics of live cells, such as motility, shape and arrangement.
Fresh, living preparations
146
Fixed mounts are made by drying and heating a film of the specimen called a smear
Fixed, stained smears
147
Media can be classified according to 3 properties
Physical State, Chemical Composition and Functional type
148
Means through the body become infected by disease producing agents. The channels may be respiratory tract, the digestive tract and exterior surfaces of the body Means through the body become infected by disease producing agents. The channels may be respiratory tract, the digestive tract and exterior surfaces of the body
Channel of infection
149
- The manner of entry are similar with the mode of exit from the reservoir
Portals of entry
150
The most important portals of entry are:
Skin, Mucus membranes, and Placenta
151
the immediate transfer of an agent from a reservoirs to a susceptible hose by direct physical contact
Direct transmission
152
the transmission of an agent carried from a reservoir to a susceptible host by fomites
Indirect Transmission
153
inanimate objects that have come in contact with a sick person
Fomites
154
involves the transfer of pathogens via infectious droplets. Droplets may be generated by coughing, sneezing and even talking
Droplet Transmission
155
§ Involves contaminated objects such as food, water, dust and bodily fluid handled outside the body
Vehicular transmission
156
involves the dispersed of droplet nuclei, which are residue or evaporated droplets
Airborne transmission
157
Includes air, soil, dust, food milk, water, and fomites
Nonliving Reservoir
158
Vector of Relapsing Fever (borreliosis)
Ticks
159
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever
Ticks
160
§ Lyme disease
Ticks
161
tularemia
Ticks
162
Sand-fly fever (phelebotomus fever)
Sandflies
163
Leishmaniasis
Sandflies
164
West Nile fever
Culex (Mosquitoes)
165
Lymphatic filariasis
Culex (Mosquitoes)
166
Japanese encephalitis
Culex (Mosquitoes)
167
Malaria
Anopheles (Mosquitoes)
168
Chikungunya
Aedes (Mosquitoes)
169
Yellow fever
Aedes (Mosquitoes)
170
Rift Valley fever
Aedes (Mosquitoes)
171
Dengue fever
Aedes (Mosquitoes)
172
Infectious diseases that human acquire from animal sources
Zoonotic Diseases
173
Invertebrate (w/o back bones) animals with joined legs and commonly associated with human infections
Arthropods
174
§ Completely recovered from the disease but continue to harbor the pathogen indefinitely
Active Carrier
175
The harbor and can transmit a particular pathogen while recovering from an infectious disease
Convalescent Carriers
176
A person who is capable of transmitting a pathogen during the incubatory period of a particular infectious disease
Incubatory Carrier
177
Carry the pathogen w/o ever having the disease
Passive Carrier
178
A person or animal w/o apparent disease who harbors a specific infectious agent and is capable of transmitting the agent to others
Carrier
179
an epidemic among animals
Epizootic
180
An infection or infectious disease of animals transmissible under natural conditions to man
Zoonotic Diseases (Zoonoses)
181
Lyme disease
deer
182
Bubonic plagues
rodents
183
Yellow fever
monkeys
184
Rabies
dogs, bats, skunks and foxes
185
when bacteria are present in a person's nose, mouth, gut or other site, but do not cause illness
Colonization
186
○ The habitat in which an infectious agent normally lives, grows and multiplies or merely survive until it is transferred to a host
Reservoir of infection
187
The time during which the patient recovers
Convalescent period
188
The time during which the patient experiences the typical symptoms associated with that particular disease
Period of illness
189
The time during which the patient feels "out of sorts" but is not yet experiencing actual symptoms of the disease
Prodromal period
190
The time that elapses between arrival of the pathogen and onset of symptoms
Incubation period
191
Phase when the agent becomes established in the host
Pathogenesis Phase
192
A person or other living organism that can be infected by an infectious agent under natural conditions
Host
193
The ecological conditions that favor the interaction of host and agent
Environment
194
Microorganism capable of producing infectious disease under circumstances of hose and environment favoring transmission
Infectious agent
195
Phase before a disease infects an individual through interaction of the agent, the host, and the environment factors
Pre-pathogenesis Phase
196
Communicable diseases that are easily transmitted from one to another
Contagious Diseases
197
Infectious diseases that can be transmitted from one to another
Communicable Diseases
198
Diseases caused by pathogens
Infectious Diseases
199
The study of the distribution or condition in a population
Epidemiology
200
The study of the essential nature of diseases and especially of the structural and functional changes produced by them
Pathology
201
May be considered the antithesis of health
Disease
202
Deals with the control of the environment, with those modifications and protective and preventive measures that have been found desirable or necessary for providing optimum conditions for health and well-being
Public Health Engineering
203
The science dealing with the prevention and control of diseases by eliminating or controlling the environmental factors which may form links in disease transmission
Environmental Sanitation
204
Branch of public health that is concerned with all aspects of the natural and built environment that may affect human health
Environmental Health
205
All organized measures to prevent disease, promote health, and prolong of life among the population as a whole
Public health
206
WHO was established
April 7 1948
207
State of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
Health
208
Tox-
Poison
209
Terato-
Defects
210
Septi-
Presence of pathogen
211
-patho, patho-
Abnormal
212
-osis
Condition of
213
-oma
Tumor
214
-itis
Inflammation
215
Idio-
Unknown
216
Hepat-
Liver
217
-genesis
Development
218
-gen, gen-
Give rise to
219
Endo-
Inside
220
-emia
Pertaining to blood
221
Dermato-
Skin
222
Col-, Colo
Colon
223
Carcino-
Cancer
