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CVR 2 > Public health risk > Flashcards

Public health risk Flashcards

1
Q

what is the absolute risk?

A

incidence of disease in a given population
-general population
-sub group of population
-those with exposure/ risk

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2
Q

what is relative risk?

A

-want to know if having the exposure changes the risk
-comapre 2 groups of populations
1 have exposure
2 do not
determine the absolute risk in each group then compare

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3
Q

what is population attributable risk (PAR)?

A

incidence of cases among population (exposed and not exposed) that are due to exposure

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4
Q

what is odds ratio risk?

A

the ratio of odds of an event in one group versus the odds of the event in the other group

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5
Q

what is attributable risk?

A

a measure of the proportion of the disease occurrence that can be attributed to a certain exposure

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6
Q

what is population attributable risk?

A

the porportion of the incidence of a disease in the population (exposed and nonexposed) that is due to exposure.

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7
Q

how is absolute risk calculated?

A
  • number of new cases per population over specified time
  • x new cases per x population per x years
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8
Q

how is relative risk calculated?

A

compare two populations

  • those who have the risk factor(obesity)
  • those who do not have the risk factor(obesity)

Determine the absolute risk for both populations and compare the two

Expresses risk as how many times greater or smaller amoung exposed

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9
Q

what happens if relative risk is equal to 1?

A
  • risk in exposed to the risk factor is same as non exposed
  • no association
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10
Q

what happens if relative risk is >1?

A
  • risk in exposed to the risk factor is greater than not exposed
  • positive association
  • could be
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11
Q

what happens when relative risk <1?

A
  • risk in exposed to the risk factor is less than not exposed
  • negative association
  • protective like exercise
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12
Q

what is the difference between cohort studies and case control studies?

A
  • cohort studies follow the natural path of disease from a risk factor to the outcome
    • case-control studies work back from the outcome to determine risk factors
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13
Q

what are case control studies?

A
  • compare two groups of people defined by outcome
  • compare the two groups and check to see whether they report having the risk factor at birth
  • end up with a similar table but don’t have all exposed so have to use odds ratio
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14
Q

what is an example of a case control study?

A
  1. people with coronary heart disease
  2. people without coronary heart disease
  3. check to see who reported low /normal weight
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15
Q

what is the difference between relative risk and odds ratio?

A
  • relative risk can only be obtained from cohort studies
  • odds ratio can be obtained for both a case-control as well as a cross sectional study
  • if the number of cases is low (rare disease) relative risk will give you the same number as the odds ratio
  • if the number of cases is high(common disease) then odds ratio will not be similar to the relative risk number
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16
Q

what is attributable risk?

A
  • important as there is a difference between individual and population risk
  • it is the incidence of cases among those exposed that are due to the risk factor
17
Q

how is attributable risk calculated?

A

incidence of disease in exposed-incidence of disease in un-exposed

18
Q

how do we find the attributable risk for the entire population?

A

attributable risk x prevalence of exposure

19
Q

what are the two types of prevention?

A
  • primary- prevent the disease happening in the first place
  • secondary-prevent someone who already has the disease from dying (well addressed)
20
Q

how do risk factors play a role in prevention?

A
  • through know the risk factors you can prevent disease from occurring
  • CHD much higher in Uk as risk factors more prevalent here than japan
21
Q

what are some primary prevention strategies?

A
  • treat single risk factor
    -population health strategy
    -high baseline risk strategy
    -developed global risk scores
22
Q

what are some problems with treating a single risk?

A
  • if you look at the relative risk line there’s more people at risk with moderate blood pressure than there is with high blood pressure
  • overcome by tackling at population level so drop overall blood pressure, this wont have a huge impact individually but will decrease more cases overall
23
Q

what is high baseline risk strategy?

A

treat BP and other risk factors in individuals with high overall risk, treat people holistically

24
Q

what is an example of a developed global risk score?

A
  • example of ASSIGN score calculation
  • expressed as 10 year absolute risk of getting CVD
    • eg having a score of 32 means you have a 32 percent chance of having a CVD related event or death
    • allows for holistic treatment of all risk factors as a score above 20 means all risk factors are treated

CVR 2 (9 decks)

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