pulm intraop monitoring and difficult airway

Question 1

pulse ox measures a difference between background absorption in ___ and peak absorption in ___.

Answer 1

diastole, systole

Question 2

plethysmography displays as a waveform the differences in absorption during

Answer 2

arterial pulsation in systole

Question 3

infrared nm

Answer 3

940

Question 4

infrared is for

Answer 4

oxyhemoglobin

Question 5

infrared corresponds to ___ saturation

Answer 5

100

Question 6

red light nm

Answer 6

660

Question 7

red is for

Answer 7

deoxyhemoglobin

Question 8

red light corresponds to ___ saturation

Answer 8

50

Question 9

PAO2 ___ ___ __ for Sat ___ ___ ___

Answer 9

40 50 60 . 70 80 90

Question 10

mixed venous blood in PA

Answer 10

75, 40

Question 11

tissue damage by pulse ox caused by

Answer 11

heat from light source (rare) or sensor pressure (more common) may cause tissue damage

Question 12

what happens if you use standard pulse ox in MRI

Answer 12

patient gets burned

Question 13

endobronchial intubation and pulse ox

Answer 13

undetected

Question 14

limitations of pulse ox.

Answer 14

HYPO tension, thermia, volemia (shock), perfusion. vasoconstriction. asystole. vfib. BP cuff inflation, tourniquet

Question 15

carboxyhemoglobin on pulse ox

Answer 15

shows spo2 of 100 (overestimates)

Question 16

methemoglobin on pulse ox

Answer 16

absorbs equally at both wavelengths, shows SPO2 of 85% regardless of the true oxygen saturation

Question 17

what causes methemoglobinemia

Answer 17

nitrates, benzocaine spray, nitro, sulfonamides, nitrites, nitroprusside

Question 18

how to treat methemoglobiema

Answer 18

give methylene blue or ascorbic acid

Question 19

2 things that do not affect pulse ox

Answer 19

fetal hemoglobin and bilirubin

Question 20

poor accuracy at SPO2

Answer 20

30

Question 21

if Hb

Answer 21

3-4

Question 22

venous pulsations

Answer 22

SPO2 thinks they are arterial. like R heart failure (cor pulmonale) or tricuspid regurg . seen in dependent down limb

Question 23

malpositioned sensor

Answer 23

penumbra effect - shows SPO2 of 90-95

Question 24

capnography rapidly and reliably indicates ____ intubation but does not reliably detect ____

Answer 24

esophageal. endobronchial

Question 25

gold standard for tracheal intubation

Answer 25

ETCO2

Question 26

capnograph

Answer 26

records and displays CO2

Question 27

CO is depicted graphically as a ___ recorded by a ____ and measured by a

Answer 27

capnogram, capnograph, capnometer

Question 28

aspiration (sidestream) capnograph

Answer 28

continual suction of gas from breathing circuit.

Question 29

aspiration (sidestream) capnograph aspiration rates

Answer 29

50-250ml/min

Question 30

aspiration (sidestream) capnograph CO2 concentration is determined by

Answer 30

infrared absorption

Question 31

aspiration (sidestream) capnograph is prone to

Answer 31

water precipitation and erroneous readings

Question 32

AB

Answer 32

beginning exhalation, dead space gas

Question 33

CB

Answer 33

exhalation, mixing of gases

Question 34

CD

Answer 34

alveolar plateau, alveolar rich gas

Question 35

D

Answer 35

highest CO2

Question 36

DE

Answer 36

start inspiration

Question 37

early spont breath capnogram

Answer 37

muscle relaxant wearing off

Question 38

exp valve failure or depleted CO2 absorber shows

Answer 38

elevation of baseline

Question 39

inspiratory valve failure allows you to

Answer 39

exhale up the insp limb. causing rebreathing. go up on your flows

Question 40

dCO2 definition

Answer 40

normal ETCO2 to arterial CO2 gradient

Question 41

dCO2 normal

Answer 41

2-5mmhg

Question 42

dCO2 reflects

Answer 42

alveolar dead space

Question 43

any significant reduction in lung perfusions ___ alveolar dead space and ___ dCO2

Answer 43

increases, increases

Question 44

PaCO2 will always be ___ than ETCO2 why?

Answer 44

mixing and dilution with the dead space gases

Question 45

what increases dCO2

Answer 45

decreased pulm artery pressure, upright posture, PE, COPD, mechanical obstruction oF PA, cuff leak, tracheal disruption, bronchopleural fistula, decreased CO or decreased BP

Question 46

hypoventilation causes ____ etco2

Answer 46

increased

Question 47

MH causes ___ etco2

Answer 47

increased

Question 48

laparoscopy causes ____ etco2

Answer 48

increased

Question 49

CO2 inflation causes ____ etco2

Answer 49

increased

Question 50

hyperthermia causes ____ etco2

Answer 50

increased

Question 51

improved blood flow to lungs after hypotension resuscitation causes ____ etco2

Answer 51

increased

Question 52

water in capnograph causes ____ etco2

Answer 52

increase

Question 53

tourniquet released causes increased

Answer 53

increased

Question 54

CO2 absorber exhausted causes ____ etco2

Answer 54

increased

Question 55

inadequate fresh gas flow causes

Answer 55

increased

Question 56

faulty valves in circuit causes ____ etco2

Answer 56

increased

Question 57

most common cause of decreased ETCO2

Answer 57

hyperventilation

Question 58

airway leak, leak around cuff

Answer 58

decreased

Question 59

decreased blood flow to lungs causes ___ etco2

Answer 59

decreased

Question 60

PE causes ____ etco2

Answer 60

decreased

Question 61

arrhythmias causes ___ etco2

Answer 61

decreased

Question 62

incipient pulm edema causes ____ etco2

Answer 62

decreased

Question 63

hypothermia causes ___ etco2

Answer 63

decreased

Question 64

inadequate sample volume causes ____ etco2

Answer 64

decreased

Question 65

sample catheter misplaced causes ____ etco2

Answer 65

decreased