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JT - Health Assessment > Pulmonary Function Test > Flashcards

Pulmonary Function Test Flashcards

1
Q

What do pulmonary function tests (PFTs) measure?

A
  • PFTs measure how well the lungs work.
  • assess for any progression of lung disease
  • monitor the efficacy of a given treatment.
  • evaluate preop
  • monitor for potentially toxic side effects of drugs (amiodarone etc)
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2
Q

What types of breathing are required for pulmonary function tests?

A

Some tests require normal and quiet breathing, while others require forced inhalation or exhalation after a deep breath.

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3
Q

What should be assessed when patients present with respiratory symptoms (e.g. dyspnea, cough, cyanosis, wheezing, etc.).?

A

Look for evidence of respiratory disease

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4
Q

What does ERV stand for and what does it measure?

A

ERV stands for expiratory reserve volume: the maximal volume of air that can be exhaled from the end-expiratory position.

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5
Q

What does TLC stand for and what does it represent?

A

TLC stands for** total lung capacity:** the volume in the lungs at maximal inflation, the sum of VC and RV.

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6
Q

What is VC and how is it defined?

A

VC stands for vital capacthe volume of air breathed out after the deepest inhalation.

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7
Q

What does IC stand for and what does it include?

A

IC stands for inspiratory capacity: the sum of IRV and TV.

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8
Q

What is FVC and how is it determined?

A

FVC stands for forced vital capacity: the determination of the vital capacity from a maximally forced expiratory effort.

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9
Q

What is the normal tidal volume?

A

500 mL

Represents 9% of total lung capacity.

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10
Q

What is the normal inspiratory reserve volume?

A

3000 mL

Represents 52% of total lung capacity.

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11
Q

What is the normal expiratory reserve volume?

A

1300 mL

Represents 22% of total lung capacity.

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12
Q

What is the normal residual volume?

A

1000 mL

Represents 17% of total lung capacity.

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13
Q
A
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14
Q

What is a pulmonary function test?

A

A test that measures lung function and capacity.

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15
Q

What instrument is commonly used for pulmonary function tests?

A

Spirometer

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16
Q

What does spirometry measure?

A

Forced vital capacity (FVC), Forced expiratory volume (FEV), Forced expiratory flow, 25-75 percent, Peak expiratory flow (PEF), Maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV), Slow vital capacity (SVC), Total lung capacity (TLC), Functional residual capacity (FRC), Residual volume (RV).

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17
Q

What is Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)?

A

Volume of air that is exhaled after maximum inhalation.

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18
Q

What is Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV)?

A

Volume of air exhaled in one breath.

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19
Q

What does Forced Expiratory Flow, 25-75 percent measure?

A

Air flow in the middle of exhalation.

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20
Q

What is Peak Expiratory Flow (PEF)?

A

Rate of exhalation.

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21
Q

What does Maximum Voluntary Ventilation (MVV) measure?

A

Volume of air that can be inspired and expired in 1 minute.

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22
Q

What is Slow Vital Capacity (SVC)?

A

Volume of air that can be slowly exhaled after inhaling past the tidal volume.

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23
Q

What is Total Lung Capacity (TLC)?

A

Maximum volume of air that the lungs can hold.

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24
Q

What is Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)?

A

Volume of air left in the lungs after normal expiration.

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25
What is Residual Volume (RV)?
Volume of air in the lungs after maximum exhalation.
26
What is Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)?
The volume of air that can be exhaled beyond normal exhalation.
27
What does a blood gas analyzer measure?
Concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood.
28
What is pulmonary function test result obtained from??
Data obtained from spirometry.
29
What are the most commonly used measures in pulmonary function tests?
* The forced vital capacity (FVC), the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and the ratio of the two (FEV1/FVC). * The FEV1/FVC ratio should be about 80% in normal patients.
30
What does an FEV1/FVC ratio <80% suggest?
It suggests obstructive lung disease.
31
What characterizes restrictive lung disease in terms of FEV1/FVC ratio?
Restrictive lung disease typically has normal or increased FEV1/FVC.
32
What other useful data can be obtained from spirometry?
Measures of flow, such as peak inspiratory flow (PIF) and peak expiratory flow (PEF).
33
the colors in this graph indicated for what lung diseases?
* black- normal * green - obstructive lung disease * blue - restrictive lung disease * purple - fixed upper airway obstruction
34
What characterizes an obstructive pattern in PFT?
Decreased FEV1, normal or decreased FVC, and decreased FEV1/FVC.
35
Which conditions are classically associated with an obstructive pattern?
* Asthma, * chronic bronchitis, * emphysema.
36
How can PFTs help distinguish between asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema?
Bronchodilator responsiveness - an increase in the FEV1 by 12% following bronchodilator use suggests asthma.
37
What characterizes a restrictive pattern in PFT?
* Decreased TLC, FEV1, and FVC * normal FEV1/FVC, * low DLCO (Diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide (extent to which oxygen passes from air sacs of lungs to blood). * The flow volume loop is generally normal in appearance, but has low lung volumes
38
Which patients typically exhibit a restrictive pattern?
* Patients with interstitial lung disease * severe skeletal abnormalities. * diaphragmatic paralysis
39
What is the FEV1:FVC ratio in obstructive lung disease?
Reduced <70% ## Footnote Examples include emphysema, asthma, and chronic bronchitis.
40
What is the FEV1 in obstructive lung disease?
Reduced <80% ## Footnote Examples include emphysema, asthma, and chronic bronchitis.
41
What is the FVC in obstructive lung disease?
Normal >80% ## Footnote Examples include emphysema, asthma, and chronic bronchitis.
42
What is the TLC in obstructive lung disease?
Normal ## Footnote Examples include emphysema, asthma, and chronic bronchitis.
43
What is the RV in obstructive lung disease?
Normal / Increased ## Footnote Examples include emphysema, asthma, and chronic bronchitis.
44
What is the DLCO in obstructive lung disease?
* Reduced in emphysema * Normal in asthma, chronic bronchitis ## Footnote Examples include emphysema, asthma, and chronic bronchitis.
45
What is the FEV1:FVC ratio in restrictive lung disease?
Normal >70% ## Footnote Examples include chest wall and neuromuscular conditions.
46
What is the FEV1 in restrictive lung disease?
variable ## Footnote Examples include parenchymal conditions.
47
What is the FVC in restrictive lung disease?
Reduced <80% ## Footnote Examples include parenchymal conditions.
48
What is the TLC in restrictive lung disease?
Reduced <80% ## Footnote Examples include parenchymal conditions.
49
What is the RV in restrictive lung disease?
Reduced ## Footnote Examples include parenchymal conditions.
50
What is the DLCO in restrictive lung disease?
* Reduced in parenchymal, * normal in chest wall/neurouscular
51
What is the FEV1:FVC ratio in mixed lung disease?
Reduced <70% ## Footnote Mixed conditions can show variable results.
52
What is the FEV1 in mixed lung disease?
Reduced <80% ## Footnote Mixed conditions can show variable results.
53
What is the FVC in mixed lung disease?
Reduced <80% ## Footnote Mixed conditions can show variable results.
54
What is the TLC in mixed lung disease?
Variable ## Footnote Mixed conditions can show variable results.
55
What is the RV in mixed lung disease?
Variable ## Footnote Mixed conditions can show variable results.
56
What is the FEV1/FVC ratio for an obstructive pattern?
FEV1/FVC <70% (or less than the Lower limit of normal) ## Footnote Indicates conditions like COPD or Asthma.
57
What FEV1/FVC ratio indicates normal or restrictive disease?
FEV1/FVC ≥70%
58
If FEV1 is 80-100%, what stage is it in the GOLD criteria for COPD?
Mild (Stage 1) ## Footnote GOLD Criteria for COPD.
59
If FEV1 is 50-80%, what stage is it in the GOLD criteria for COPD?
FEV1 50-80% predicted: Moderate (Stage 2)
60
If FEV1 is 30 - 50%, what stage is it in the GOLD criteria for COPD?
FEV1 30-<50% predicted: Severe (Stage 3)
61
If FEV1 is less than 30%, what stage is it in the GOLD criteria for COPD?
FEV1 <30% predicted: Very severe (Stage 4)
62
what happens if FEV1 < 50% with right sided HF?
Very severe
63
What are the ATS criteria for mild obstruction disease?
FEV1 over 70% predicted: MILD
64
What are the ATS criteria for moderate obstruction?\
FEV1 60-70% predicted: MODERATE
65
What FEV1 range indicates moderately severe obstruction?
FEV1 50-60% predicted: MODERATELY SEVERE
66
What FEV1 value indicates severe obstruction?
FEV1 35-50% predicted: SEVERE
67
What FEV1 value indicates very severe obstruction?
FEV1 <35% predicted: VERY SEVERE
68
What TLC value indicates restrictive disease?
TLC <80% = Restrictive disease (ATS criteria for severity)
69
What TLC range indicates mild restrictive disease?
70-80% predicted: MILD
70
What TLC range indicates moderate restrictive disease?
60-70% predicted: MODERATE
71
What TLC range indicates moderately severe restrictive disease?
50-60% predicted: MODERATELY SEVERE
72
What TLC value indicates severe restrictive disease?
<50% predicted: SEVERE
73
What is the normal range for Total Lung Capacity (TLC)?
Normal range: 80-120% of predicted
74
What TLC value indicates hyperinflation?
TLC >120 = Hyperinflation
75
* dotted green - obstructive * brown - restricted * blue dash - normal
76
If TLC is less than 80%, what does that indicate?
Restrictive lung dz

JT - Health Assessment (12 decks)

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