Pulmonary I: Physiology

Question 1

______ compliance is associated with difficulty with expiration

Answer 1

High

Question 2

______ transpulmonary pressure can collapse the airways

Answer 2

Negative

Question 3

_______ compliance is associated with difficulty with inspiration

Answer 3

Low

Question 4

_______ resistance work results in _______ frequency breathing with higher tidal volumes

Answer 4

increased; lower

Question 5

_______ resistance work results in lower frequency breathing with _______ tidal volumes

Answer 5

increased; higher

Question 6

________ elastic work results in _______ frequency breathing with lower tidal volumes

Answer 6

increased; higher

Question 7

________ elastic work results in higher frequency breathing with _______ tidal volumes

Answer 7

increased; lower

Question 8

Accessory Expiratory Muscles

Answer 8

Internal intercostals, abdominal muscles

Question 9

Accessory Inspiratory Muscles

Answer 9

Scalenes, SCM

Question 10

Airway resistance is decreased by ______ lung volumes, _____ bronchial smooth muscle tone, and _____ mucus

Answer 10

increased; decreased; low

Question 11

CaO2 =

Answer 11

SaO21.39[Hgb] + PaO2*0.0013

Question 12

Causes of hyperventilation (3)

Answer 12

Acute hypoxemia, metabolic acidosis, CNS stimulation

Question 13

Causes of hypoventilation (4)

Answer 13

Obstructive disease, Restrictive disease, metabolic alkalosis, CNS depression

Question 14

Causes of Hypoxemia

Answer 14

Shunt, V/Q mismatch, diffusion limitations, hypoventilation, low ambient O2

Question 15

Causes of Hypoxemia with normal A-a gradient

Answer 15

Low ambient O2, hypoventilation

Question 16

Causes of hypozemia with abnormal A-a gradient

Answer 16

Diffusion limitations, V/Q mismatch, Shunt

Question 17

CO poisoning presents with _____ PO2 and _____SaO2

Answer 17

normal; decreased

Question 18

Defense mechanisms of conductive system (2)

Answer 18

Mucus, MALT

Question 19

Diffusion Capacity =

Answer 19

A/d*k

Question 20

Increased elastic work results in ______ frequency breathing with _____ tidal volumes

Answer 20

higher; lower

Question 21

Increased resistance work results in ______ frequency breathing with ______ tidal volumes

Answer 21

lower; higher

Question 22

Key Event in Alveolar Stage of Lung Development

Answer 22

Gas exchange surface and capillary system maturation

Question 23

Key Event in Canalicular Stage of Lung Development

Answer 23

Beginning of surfactant production and fetal breathing; differentiation of epithelium

Question 24

Key Event in Embryonic Stage of Lung Development

Answer 24

Establishment of Lung Lobes

Question 25

Key Event in Pseudoglandular Stage of Lung Development

Answer 25

Complete formation of conducting airways

Question 26

Key Event in Saccular Stage of Lung Development

Answer 26

Terminal sac formation; pneumocytes differentiated

Question 27

Name the airway level: C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings

Answer 27

Trachea

Question 28

Name the airway level: cartilage plates of hyaline cartilage arranged around the airway

Answer 28

Bronchi

Question 29

Name the airway level: contains club cells

Answer 29

bronchioles

Question 30

Name the airway level: each supply a bronchopulmonary segment

Answer 30

segmental bronchus

Question 31

Name the airway level: has its own blood supply

Answer 31

bronchopulmonary segment

Question 32

Name the airway level: have no cartilage or glands

Answer 32

bronchioles

Question 33

Name the cells of the trachea and bronchi

Answer 33

Epithelial cells, goblet cells, basal cells, neuroendocrine cells

Question 34

Name the epithelium of the trachea and bronchi

Answer 34

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Question 35

Normal Inspiratory Muscles

Answer 35

Diaphragm, External intercostals

Question 36

Reynold's Number Re =

Answer 36

2rvd/n

Question 37

Timeline: Alveolar Stage of Lung Development

Answer 37

36 weeks to 4-6 years of life

Question 38

Timeline: Canalicular Stage of Lung Development

Answer 38

16 to 28 weeks

Question 39

Timeline: Embryonic Stage of Lung Development

Answer 39

26 days to 6 weeks

Question 40

Timeline: Pseudoglandular Stage of Lung Development

Answer 40

6 weeks to 16 weeks

Question 41

Ways in which CO2 is carried in blood

Answer 41

Dissolved, Bicarbonate, Carbamino compounds

Question 42

What pathology? Defect in chloride transporter, more viscous secretions, chronic infections and respiratory failure

Answer 42

Cystic Fibrosis

Question 43

What pathology? Defect in dynein arms resulting in immotile cilia, chronic respiratory congestion and infections

Answer 43

Kartagener's Syndrome

Question 44

Which lung measurement? Air remaining in lungs at the end of a normal respiration (~2.5L)

Answer 44

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)

Question 45

Which lung measurement? Air remaining in lungs following maximal expiration (~1.5L)

Answer 45

Residual Volume

Question 46

Which lung measurement? volume of air exhaled after a maximal inspiration followed by maximal expiration (~6L)

Answer 46

Vital Capacity

Question 47

Which lung measurement? volume of air inside lungs at the end of maximal inspiration (~7.5L)

Answer 47

Total Lung Capacity (TLC)