Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

AU17: Gen Pathology > Pulmonary Pathology > Flashcards

Pulmonary Pathology Flashcards

(85 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

____________ is a respiratory disease that is one of the leading causes of death.

A

Pneumonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

T/F: Any organism can cause pneumonia.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are some predisposing factors to bacterial pneumonia?

A
  1. Loss of cough reflex
  2. Injury to cilia
  3. Decreased phagocytosis
  4. Pulmonary edema
  5. Immunocompromised condition
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is often the cause of loss of cilia?

A

Smoking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which type of pneumonia starts in the bronchi and is considered a patchy pneumonia?

A

Bronchopneumonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which type of pneumonia will affect the entire lobe?

A

Lobar pneumonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

T/F: Lobar pneumonia is seen more in adults, while bronchopneumonia is associated with young and older.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which type of bacteria almost always causes lobar pneumonia?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the stages of lobar pneumonia?

A
  1. Congestion
  2. Red Hepatization
  3. Gray hepatization
  4. Resolution
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are some complications of lobar pneumonia and bronchopneumonia?

A
  1. Empyema
  2. Abscess
  3. Pericarditis
  4. Bacteremia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is fibrinous pleuritis?

A

Inflammation extending out to the pleura of the lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What type of organism typically causes atypical (interstitial) pneumonia?

A

Viruses or mycoplasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which type of pneumonia typically causes a dry cough? Why?

A

Atypical pneumonia; viruses are taking up all of the WBCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Hyaline membranes are produced in ______________ and can impair the ability to exchange oxygen.

A

Atypical pneumonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)?

A

Injury to endothelium and alveolar epithelium; causes them to be very permeable and not exchange gases well

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How can interstitial pneumonia lead to ARDS?

A

Hyaline membranes causes damage to alveolar epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The most likely cause of ARDS is _________ or ___________.

A

Burns; Infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are some predisposing factors to pulmonary abscesses?

A

Aspiration, bronchiectasis, septic emboli, airway obstruction, dental sepsis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the course of a pulmonary abscess?

A

It can scar, cavitate, or progressively get larger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Tuberculosis infects about ____ of the world population?

A

1/3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

__________ is the most common infectious cause of death.

A

Tuberculosis

3 million deaths/year

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What type of bacteria causes tuberculosis?

A

Mycobacterium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Caseating granulomatous inflammation is a classic tissue reaction for which bacteria?

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How is tuberculosis acquired?

A

Inhalation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the difference between a Ghon lesion and Ghon complex?
Lesion: site of early infection Complex: lesion + hilar lymph nodes
26
What can cavitary TB lead to?
Spread of infection into the mouth or pleura
27
Reactivation of tuberculosis induces type IV ______________ and tissue __________.
Hypersensitivity; necrosis
28
What is miliary TB?
Wide spread TB often caused by reactivation
29
If caseous necrosis is seen in organs other than the lungs, what is the most likely diagnosis?
Miliary TB
30
What is a common (in Ohio) fungal infection causing granulomatous lung disease?
Histoplasmosis
31
What are the risk factors for lung cancer?
1. Cigarette smoking 2. Asbestos 3. Radon gas 4. Nickel, chromates, pollutants, lung scar
32
T/F: Although lung cancer is not the most common cancer in men and women, it is the most fatal.
True
33
T/F: Lung cancers often do not produce clinical symptoms until they are highly advanced.
True
34
Which two types of lung cancer are most strongly associated with smoking?
Squamous cell carcinoma and small cell (oat cell) carcinoma
35
T/F: Lung tumors may produce hormones.
True
36
Mesothelioma is a malignancy associated with the __________ cavity and is at high risk from ___________ exposure.
Pleural; asbestos
37
What is pneumoconiosis?
Inhaled particles (dust) induce fibrosis in the lungs
38
T/F: Larger particles are the most dangerous in causing pneumoconiosis.
False Particles 1-5 micrometers in diameter
39
Which lung disease is often considered an occupational and environmental disease?
Pneumoconiosis
40
What is the most prevalent form of occupational disease worldwide?
Silicosis
41
Which lung is slightly heavier?
Right lung
42
T/F: Lungs have dual blood supply.
True Pulmonary and bronchial
43
Breathing requires _________ and _________ control.
Muscle; neural
44
_________ is the major defense of the upper respiratory tract. ____________ are the main defenses of the lower respiratory tract.
Filtering; mucociliary units
45
What is secreted by type II pneumocytes?
Surfactant
46
In the alveoli _____________ provide an immune defense.
Macrophages
47
What is hemoptysis?
Coughing up blood
48
What is dyspnea?
Difficulty breathing; shortness of breath
49
What is atelectasis?
Collapse of lung volume
50
What is a pneumothorax?
Air in the pleural space that can lead to collapse of the lung
51
What is an empyema?
Suppuration in pleural cavity
52
What is pleural effusion?
Fluid in the pleural space
53
What type of fluid is increased in a patient with pneumonia?
Exudate (high protein)
54
In pulmonary edema, accumulation will begin in the _____________ and eventually in the _________.
Interstitial tissue; lungs
55
What are three possible causes of pulmonary edema?
1. Increased intravascular pressure (CHF) 2. Hypoproteinemia (low protein) 3. Vascular damage (infection, autoimmune diseases)
56
What are the two major problems with pulmonary edema?
1. Stops O2 exchange | 2. Risk for infection
57
What are four classic disorders that fall under obstructive pulmonary disease?
1. Emphysema 2. Chronic bronchitis 3. Bronchiectasis 4. Asthma
58
What is a term that normally encompasses both emphysema and chronic bronchitis?
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
59
What is the major cause of imbalance leading to Emphysema?
Smoking
60
What defines emphysema?
Permanent enlargement of the airways due to destruction of alveolar septal walls
61
The pathogenesis of emphysema involves an imbalance between ___________ and anti-__________ enzymes. (Same word)
Protease
62
What is the difference between centriacinar and panacinar emphysema?
Centriacinar - involves central portion of acini; often in upper lobe Panacinar - involves entire acinar unit; usually in lower lobes
63
___________ emphysema is normally associated with smoking, while __________ emphysema is normally associated with genetic deficiency.
Centriacinar; panacinar
64
What is the definition of chronic bronchitis?
Cough and sputum production for 3 consecutive months in 2 consecutive years
65
Destruction of terminal airspaces is a major characteristic of _________.
Emphysema
66
Loss of elasticity is a major characteristic of __________.
Emphysema
67
T/F: Those with emphysema are often described as "pink puffers."
True
68
T/F: Those with emphysema have trouble getting air in, but can exhale just fine.
FALSE Struggle exhaling
69
T/F: Those with emphysema are often called "blue bloaters."
FALSE Chronic bronchitis
70
Do people with chronic bronchitis struggle inhaling or exhaling?
Inhaling
71
T/F: Chronic bronchitis involves narrowing of the airways and secretion into the lumen.
True
72
Mucus gland ____________ is a major factor in chronic bronchitis.
Hypertrophy
73
A deficiency in which gene can lead to chronic bronchitis and panacinar emphysema?
Alpha1-AT
74
What is the definition of bronchiectasis?
Chronic infection with permanent major airway dilation
75
Bronchiectasis can be secondary to ______________ or ______________ or both.
Obstruction; infection
76
T/F: Bronchiectasis presents clinically with bloody mucoid expectoration.
True
77
What are some predisposing factors to bronchiectasis?
1. Obstructive tumors 2. Foreign bodies 3. Cystic fibrosis 4. other COPD 5. Pneumonia
78
What part of the bronchioles is affected by asthma?
Smooth muscle
79
What are the initiating factors of asthma?
Allergies, infections, exercise, drugs, emotions
80
Which children are at greater risk for asthma?
Inner city children
81
What is the difference between atopic and non-atopic asthma?
Atopic: allergic/extrinsic; Type 1 hypersensitivity Non-atopic: intrinsic; initiated by viruses, air pollutants
82
What is the pathology for asthma?
1. Increased mucus glands 2. Smooth muscle hypertrophy 3. Inflammation with EOSINOPHILS and type 2 helper cells
83
What antibody often mediates problems with asthma (esp in atopic)?
IgE on mast cells
84
What are the two treatment options for asthma?
1. Inhalation bronchodilators for immediate relief (albuterol) 2. Controller medications (corticosteroids)
85
Asthma will present with irritability and prominence of the _____________ in bronchi and bronchioles.
Smooth muscles

AU17: Gen Pathology (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions